Role Of Women In Things Fall Apart English Literature Essay

Role Of Women In Things lapse A dowery English Literature EssayIn give tongue to an Afri john story, it is impossible to do so without mentioning the women who take part in more of the activities in a society. This is why varied stories bring out women and their roles in the society although the stories may not be talking about a wo adult male as the important character. Things legislate apart is no different in bringing out the role of the women in a conventional African setting.Women play pivotal roles in Educational, Religious and Social thrill in the book Things F alone Apart by Chinua Achebe.In Things f completely apart, women argon featured as the main churlrens educators. They do these by give tongue to them stories, teaching them the ethics of lovingizing with other people and good stylus particularly to the girl child, children sat around their spawns cooking fire telling stories, (Achebe 25). The children be taught good values and morals by their p arnts and in this case, their mothers, who hike up them to develop social values and good interaction skills. The wo servicemanhood was regarded as an inferior object in the society provided this did not gambling her down from performing her societal roles especially that of being the educator of the children.The nurture of a child is what determines what the child will be in the future. In the Ibo community, the rearing of a child was solely the role of the adult female who was sibylline to make sure that the child was well conversant with the customs and rules of the society. The companionship of the societal norms was all of importance to the mother as she needed to modernise the children about them. This was to avoid situations where the child would be in trouble for dis awardinging the extremely regarded goddesses or leaders of the community which would be a disgrace to the family especially the father who would put the blame on the mother and possibly pommel her. Therefore, in a society which is dominated by men, the woman had to be in truth careful about the reputation the man would lay down in the society if certain unfortunate things happened may be from the behavior of the children or herself which is the reason why mother education to the children was great. The womans reputation depended on that of the man which was important for the woman to protect.The women were similarly involved in religious matters and this can be presented in various ways. The women belonged to the religion of Ibo. They regularly played the part of the priestess. In the early days, a woman by the name of Chika is seen as a priestess. She is the former priestess of the oracle during Unokas time. This woman was very powerful and consider by the people (Achebe 17). Thus she portrays the role of women in religious matters. Currently, Chielo is the priestess who is overly the hills and caves oracle, She was the priestess of Agbala, the Oracle of the Hills and the caves, (A chebe 35). In other words, women are seen taking a broad part in religion in the community, for congresswoman, as priestesses.The woman is seen to have a covey of religious power. This is evident when Chielo, a religious woman, prescribes and threatens Okonkwo to crepuscle himself and his daughter to Agbala who wished to see her. After she warns him, Okonkwo gives in to the idea. Women in this case are seen as powerful spiritual leaders who can warn and separate their followers in order to do the right thing that is anticipate of them by the religion and in this case in the society of Ibo.Ani was the goddess of the earth. She was responsible for making sure that the society observed the right conduct and morals. Ani worked tight with the dead clan members who had their bodies committed to the earth (Achebe 36).The community also believed that they had to honor the earth goddess for blessings in order to have their yam crops grow. This was done by the members of the clan who had to strictly observe the peace week before the harvests (Achebe 30). The woman is seen to have such great spiritual power, honor and respect which are beneficial to the society and which must be respected in order for whatsoeverthing good to happen like plenty harvests.The clan members are greatly worried about having such little harvests when the peace of the earth goddess, Ani, is small by Okonkwo when he battered his wife. Wife battering was not allowed on the peace week (Achebe 30). The women were also involved in solving problems of a social nature. The mother acts as the comfort not only to children but also to other men who have problems.The workforce consisted of a lot of women. They performed m any(prenominal) strenuous tasks that were only separated for them and that men could not perform. characterization of Egwugwus house was done by women (84).They were also supposed to entertain the children at all time and make them grow in an artistic manner (Emenyonu and Uk o 178).The woman is seen as a powerful object that is able to shape up people when feeling low and demotivated. When the men face some social problems like neglect, the woman acts to encourage them. Thus, it is said that the mother is a super being who does not abandon her children in all situations in life, for instance Okonkwo who is rejected after killing the son of Ezeudu. It is believed that a male child is his fathers only when life seems to be flowing well but when in trouble, it his mothers. This is better depicted by the uncle of Okonkwo who then persuades him to go back to his mother as she will accept him at all situations. Despite all this the mother does not judge or discriminate them. The woman is considered to be the forgiving and understanding being who can never reject or look down upon anyone and who will provide help whenever she can. This is a very important role.There are two marriages that are talked about that the generator uses them to show the meaning of having a woman in the Igbo society. They are the makers of a home, the prospecting mothers, and people who help men in certain tasks. In any man-woman relationship, children are the most important and valuable gifts that they can be given which is not different in this community where the woman is considered as an important part of the family bearing process (Emenyonu and Uko 176).Although in an indirect manner, the importance of a woman and in this case, the first wife in the Ibo society is represent in a celebration held at the Obi of Nwakibie whereby the other wives are not allowed to drink wine before her arrival (Achebe 22). The first wife is thus shown special respect and recognition in the Ibo community.The name Agbala in the Ibo community means a woman or a designation less man. In his early childhood, Okonkwo felt disrespected when called the name Agbala as the peers were mocking him and more so his father who was seen as a gutlessling. This really torment him and mad e him become obsessed with consideration of social status supra everything else. Okonkwo struggled so much never to be associated with anything anaemic as anything weak was likened to a woman and vice versa. Nwoye who is the son of Okonkwo from his first wife is also insulted by being viewed as woman-like just because Okonkwo is reminded of his father when he sees him. In this context we see the woman being looked down upon by the full-page Ibo community as a weak being. The men who are not courageous and violent are also seen to be as weak as women meaning that the societys perception of women is that of a person who is not fast(a) and is weak (Whittaker and Msiska 64).The woman is generally looked down upon. We see Okonkwo being punish for disrupting the peace of the earth goddess but not for buttering his wife. To them wife buttery is not a crime as according to the society, the woman is only thither to give birth, to perform house chores and cook for the husband and also to b e beaten. This is just how cruel the man is (Whittaker and Msiska 65).The story was written in the times when the only important being in the society was seen as the man and not the woman. The children who turned out to be disgraceful to the society were all demeaned and likened to a woman. To add to this, the woman would be blamed for poor gentility of the children as that was solely considered as her role (Okpewho 34).The story however shows some respect for few female figures that seem to be very evidentiary to the society, for instance, the women spiritual leaders. The respect shown to them is not because they are women but because the society demands that they be respected for their important roles in divine intervention. The women also show well-knit leadership, power and prowess in their work (Okoye 45).Although the woman is not the main character in this story, it is clear that she plays a big role and cannot be ignored when talking about the story. The roles discussed ab ove show clearly that the woman plays a pivotal role in Educational, Religious and Social issues.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Inventory Management Systems

Advantages and Disadvantages of Inventory Management SystemsINVENTORYThe term inventory derives from the French word inventaire and the Latin word inventariom which simply means a count of things which are found. The term inventory includes reals which are in defense little form, or are in process, in the destroyed packaging, spares and the others which are receiveded in each(prenominal)ege to meet all the unexpected submits or distribution in the future. This term usually refers to the stock at hand at a particular period of succession of all those strongs which are in raw form, those goods which are in progress of manufacture, all the finished products, merchandise purchased products for resale of those products, real products which can be seen, touched, measured or are countable. In a connection with the financial statements and records of accounting, the reference whitethorn be to the amount designate to the stock or the pile of goods owned by an enterprise at a parti cular period of time. Inventory controls transit and handling. The raw materials whitethorn be transported thousands of kilometers before they are converted into an end product. At the be time, materials which are in transit, may take a period of some(prenominal) days or months. During this process of transit, materials carry someones inventory. These Inventories avail to isolate the provider, the producer and the consumer. Inventories permit the acquirement of raw materials in economic lot sizes as hale as processing of these raw materials into finished goods in the most economical quantities. Raw material inventories distinguish the supplier of raw materials from the user of these raw materials. Finished goods inventories distinguish the user of the nett goods from the producer of the goods. Inventories are held to facilitate product display and service to guests, batching in fruit in establish to take advantage of longer production runs and provide flexibility in produ ction scheduling.There are quadruplet types of inventoriesProduction inventoriesMRO inventoriesIn process inventoriesFinished goods inventoriesObjectives of inventory managementTo run into a continuous supply of raw materials and supplies to facilitate unhandled production.To maintain inevitable metre of finished goods for smooth sales function and efficient customer service.It permits the acquirement of raw materials in economic lot sizes as well as processing of these raw materials into finished goods is the most economical metre known as economic lot size.It reduces the dependencies of one another and enables the disposals to rate of business their operations without getting dependent on each other.It helps to reduce those be which have been occurred during the material handling.It helps to utilize people and materials reasonably.It controls display of the products and services provided to the corresponding customers.INVENTORY SYSTEMAn inventory outline facilitates the organizational structure and the operate policies for maintaining and controlling materials to be inventoried. This establishment is responsible for lay outing and receipt of materials, clock the establishliness organisation and keeping record of what has been enjoin, how much ordered and from whom the order placement has been done.There are two models of inventory arrangement-The amend order sum of money arrangementThe fixed order periodic systemFIXED ORDER QUANTITY SYSTEMThe fixed order cadence system is also known as the Q system. In this system, whenever the stock on hand reaches the order fountainhead, a fixed measuring rod of materials is ordered. The fixed quantity of material ordered each time is actually the economic order quantity. Whenever a fresh consignment arrives, the total stock is maintained deep down the maximum and the minimum limits. The fixed order quantity system is a method that facilitates for a predetermined amount of a given material to be ordered at a particular period of time. This method helps to limit reorder mistakes, conserve space for the storage of the finished goods, and hinder those unnecessary expenditures that would tie up funds that could be better use elsewhere. The fixed order quantity may be bridged to an automatic reorder point where a particular quantity of a good is ordered when stock at hand reaches a take which is already determined.Advantages individually material can be procured in the most economical quantity. buy and inventory control people automatically gives their attention to those items which are undeniable just now when are needed.Positive control can easily be handled to maintain the inventory investment at the desired level notwithstanding by calculating the predetermined maximum and minimum values.DisadvantagesSometimes, the orders are located at the irregular time periods which may not be at ease to the producers or the suppliers of the materials.The items cannot be grouped and ordered at a time since the reorder points occur irregularly.If there is a case when the order placement time is very high, there would be two to three orders unfinished with the supplier each time and there is likelihood that he may supply all orders at a time.EOQ may give an order quantity which is much lower than the supplier minimum and there is ever a probability that the order placement level for a material has been reached but not noticed in which case a stock out may occur.The system assumes stable impost and definite admit time. When these change significantly, a new order quantity and a new order point should be fixed, which is quite cumbersome.FIXED ORDER terminus SYSTEMIn this system, the stock position of each material of a product is checked at regular intervals of time period. When the stock level of a given product is not sufficient to sustain the operation of production until the next scheduled tested, an order is placed destroying the supply. The frequency of reviews varies from organization to organization. It also varies among products within the same organization, depending upon the importance of the product, predetermined production schedules, securities industry conditions and so forth. The order quantities vary for different materials.Every order quantity in their method is obtained by the conjoining formula.AdvantagesThe ordering and inventory cost are low. The ordering cost is considerably reduced though follow up naturalise for each delivery may be necessary.The suppliers go forth also offer attractive discounts as sales are guaranteed.The system works well for those products which exhibit an irregular or seasonal usage and whose purchases essential be planned in advance on the rear end of sales estimates.Dis advantagesThe periodic testing system tends to peak the purchasing work around the review dates.The system demands the establishment of rather inflexible order quantities in the interest of administrative efficien cy.It compels a periodic review of all items this itself makes the system somewhat inefficient.Distinction between Q system and P systemPoint of differenceQ systemP systemInitiation of orderStock on hand reaches to reorder pointBased on fixed review period and not stock level detail of orderAny time when stock level reaches to reorder pointOnly after the predetermined periodRecord keeping endlessly each time a withdrawal or addition is doOnly at the review periodOrder quantity ceaseless the same quantity ordered each timeQuantity of order varies each time order is placedSize of inventoryless than the P systemLarger than the Q systemTime to maintain high due to perpetual record keepingLess than due to only at the review periodExamplesFixed order quantity systemA painter can order 200 gallons or more(prenominal) for $4.75 per gallon, with all other factors in the computation remaining the same. He must compare the total cost of taking this approach to the total costs under the EOQ. Using the total cost formula, the painter would find TC = PD + HQ/2 + SD/Q = (5 3,500) + (3 187)/2 + (15 3,500)/187 = $18,061 for the EOQ. Ordering the higher quantity and receiving the price discount would yield a total cost of (4.75 3,500) + (3 200)/2 + (15 3,500)/200 = $17,187. In other words, the painter can save $875 per class by taking advantage of the price break and making 17.5 orders per grade of 200 units each.Fixed order period systemDaily demand for a product is 10 units with a standard deviation of 3 units. The review period is 30 days, and lead time is 14 days. At the moment of the review time, there are 150 units in inventory. For a 98% service level, how many units should be ordered?Solution= 10 units= 3 unitsT= 30 daysL= 14 daysz= 2.05 units.

Healthcare Technology and Big Data

Healthc atomic number 18 Technology and prodigious Data mental homeAs technology advances, wellness check devices are adequate to record increase amounts of learning. These devices are as well becoming much to a greater extent assessable to consumers than in the past. In Adam Tanners article Health entrepreneur Debates Going To Datas Dark Side, he discusses the comp any refuge Heart. inviolable Heart is contracting medical checkup examination exam devices for consumer purpose. These devices are able to measuring rod values the the deals of blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, and perfusion index. Being able to collect these massive amounts of entropy, places these devices in the realm of colossal entropy. Although the topic of turgid selective information imposes its proclaim issues, the medical nature of the entropy creates an additional association of important issues.Safe Heart is not the first organization to develop devices that collect orotund quantitie s of selective information. In recent years, some(prenominal) a(prenominal) organizations have begun to transport and use bad quantities of medical info. Hospitals, credit agencies and researchers have all started to use medical information to the advantage of either the patient or their own corporation. With all the data being captured, there are legal and honest issues that become apparent.Main IssuesThe most prominent issue related to mammoth wellnesscare technology data is a legal one. The Health restitution Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), protects health data that is transmitted by a certain groups and organizations 1. It states that consent essential be obtained from the patient to distri providede any information to a third party. The organizations include are health plans, health care clearinghouses, and some health care providers 1. This would mean that non-health organizations transmitting health information would not be subject to HIPAA. The previo usly mentioned organization Safe Heart, would not be subject to HIPAA because they are not an organization cover by the act. Safe Heart would be able to transmit data in a variety of ways and not be hold by the restrictions of HIPAA. An another(prenominal) act that has the power to dictate patient data, but is not optimized for current technologies, is the Privacy Act 1. The Privacy Act protects data that is distributed by the federal government. To distribute data, the government must remove personally identifying information from the records 1. After the information is removed, this allows the government to distribute massive amounts of noncombatant health data publically. As long as explicitly identifying attributes like name and address have been removed, the Privacy Act does not go under how much, or where the data put forward be distributed. There are someer bounds on what the government lavatory do, making this a wardrobe legal issue. bad data also imposes several e thical issues on healthcare technology. fifty-fifty though health agencies may anonymize data in accordance with the Privacy Act, it is still possible to associate the data tooshie to the individual. The Massachusetts Group Insurance Commission relaxd a dataset in the 1990s, and they certified the public that the data had been finishly anonymized. A graduate student at the time combined this dataset with voting data and was able to associate medical data back to the correct patient. Shortly after this, it was shown that an American can be identified with only their zip code, birthdate and sex 2. This imposes a uncounted of issues on medical technology companies like Safe Heart. If a released dataset is not properly anonymized, the large amounts of data collected by the devices can be associated back to the patients. This also has powerful ethical implications when considering the results of a study do by the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. This organization studied a collectio n of alert health and fitness applications for both iOS and Android operating systems. The study name that many of the applications transmitted data, without user notification, to third parties. The data transmitted included items like latitude, longitude, and zip code data 3. Since many of the developers were not medical entities, the data sharing is not limited. The medical data can be used for marketing of products and can be sold to third parties for other uses. This is a large impingement of user privacy and creates one more way to link consumers to their already existing medical data that has been anonymized.major(ip) StakeholdersThe winners here are largely marketing and advertising agencies. After buy a, or using a publically available, dataset marketers can use the few remaining pieces of identifying information like location, age and gender to target particular consumers. With improved consumer targeting, marketing and advertising agencies can increase their revenue a nd moreover their own product line. The consumers are also winners depending on how their data is handled. If the data is handled correctly, the profits from the distribution of the data would allow companies, like SafeHeart, to subsidize the comprise of the medical devices 4. Subsidized devices would allow medical technological companies to reach a broader demographic, providing increased public benefit. The data gathered by the consumer medical devices can also be used to enhance medical research providing additional benefit to the consumers 5. Finally, the collection of data can benefit consumers because it enables improved trailing of diseases among an entire population 6. If diseases can be detected faster, a large portion of the public would benefit.Although consumers can reap a large numeral of benefits from outstanding data in healthcare, they are losers as well. There volition be many consumers who do not want their data to be affiliated with marketing or advertising a gencies. To these consumers, this is viewed as an extreme invasion of privacy. In addition to the undesired sharing, these users may be subject to the re-identification process. Even though the shared medical data contains few identifying attributes, the remaining information can be used to associate the original consumer with the appropriate medical record 2. This too in an invasion of the consumers privacy, contrary to many of their desires. After consumers, some medical technology entities are also losers. For companies like Safe Heart, the profit from released datasets would reduce costs to the consumer. As a medical company, improving the publics health is one of their primary missions. The capableness that consumers may be re-identified, or targeted by marketing, with the data discourages release. The apprehension to release data limits data available to researchers making them losers as well. If data were released, researchers would be able to expedite research and provide s olutions to prevalent health problems 5. Consumers may resent the release of their data, but those trying to benefit them can kindle worthwhile returns.SummaryAdvances in healthcare technology have also given birth to an increase in the amount of big data created by medical devices. Medical big data creates a alone(predicate) set of legal and ethical issues that companies like Safe Heart must, and are, considering. legitimately, acts like HIPAA and the Privacy Act do not sufficiently protect the data of patients. Data can move considerably freely and it is not always transferred in a completely anonymous state. It has been shown that organizations are not use the data in an ethical manner. The release and negligent handling of the data completely invades the privacy of the patient. For marketers, this aids when trying to increase revenue. Due to many of these issues, companies have started to limit what data they share when medical devices generate it. Without well-disposed da ta sets, progress of researchers is slowed and the standard of care for the public falls. Both the benefits and risks must be considered when medical big data is involved.ConclusionsHealth devices transmitting big data are already involved in our lives. It is a real legal issue that HIPAA and the Privacy Act do not govern our health data properly. It is critical that our laws catch up with this rapidly ontogeny technology. A reasonable person may argue that health data should be completely restricted and there should be no transmission, or distribution, at all. It is true that data laws need to be revisited and improved, but complete restriction would be an extreme waste of the potential that medical big data stores. After the laws have been optimized for the technology, the data has the ability to improve health care throughout the nation. Big data can be highly useful for entities like hospitals. Using patient data, hospitals can monitor a patients condition and know more quickl y when they are due to worsen 7. Advanced algorithms can also predict and cooperate to prevent conditions like renal failure, infections, and negative reactions to drugs 7. When physicians are combined with big data indicators, more patients can be helped and conditions can be monitored more reliably than in the past. In conclusion, I think that big data in healthcare should be embraced, but not before we alter the laws governing it.References1 Kalyvas, James R. and Overly, Michael R. Big Data A Business and Legal Guide. Auerbach Publications. 55-58.2 Anderson, Nate. Anonymized data really isntand heres why not. 9/8/09. http//arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2009/09/your-secrets-live-online-in-databases-of-ruin/3 Njie, Craig Michael Lie. Technical Analysis of the Data Practices and Privacy Risks of 43 general Mobile Health and Fitness Applications. 7/15/2013 http//www.privacyrights.org/mobile-medical-apps-privacy-technologist-research-report.pdf.4 Tanner, Adam. Health enterpriser Deb ates Going To Datas Dark Side. 9/16/14 http//www.forbes.com/sites/adamtanner/2014/09/16/health-entrepreneur-debates-going-to-datas-dark-side/5 Standen, Amy. How Big Data Is Changing Medicine. 9/29/14. http//blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/how-big-data-is-changing-medicine/6 Schmarzo, Bill. Big Data Technologies and Advancements in Healthcare. 3/25/14. https//infocus.emc.com/william_schmarzo/big-data-technologies-and-advancements-in-healthcare/

Is It Possible to Reconstruct a State?

Is It Possible to hypothecate a aver?Definitions According to Max Weber, State is an entity which possesses a delegatable monopoly on the legitimate use of physical compress inwardly a wedded territory. (Warner, 1991)When a secern looses its monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force or looses its capacity to perform even the most basic functions inside its territory, it founder it offs under the category of failed/ nonadaptive raises. Most of the times reasons for failure of a state atomic number 18 civil war, worldwideist conflict, corr rangeion, lack of resources and so forthDe jure state1 State which exist by a fiat of the international community, which recognizes them as soveregin entities whether or not they ca-ca a government capable of effectively dictatorial or administering the territory. Example- SomaliaDe f fiddleo state- State which receives no international recognition and has weak groundings, just now where antecedent is exercised and enforced wi thin its territory. Examples- Kurdistan, Puntland, SomalilandDe facto de jure state- State which enjoys international recognition and excercises t iodine down over people and territory by dint of formal and toughened, preferably antiauthoritarian instritutions. This is the modern state in every its legal- rational Weberian splendour. In other words, this is the model the international community tries to replicate in dysfunctional states. conjectureive memory- is a process of recreation of an entity by the intrnal or external forces.Externally-led-reconstruction Where world(prenominal) actors intervene into a state and try to reconstrct. This model demands transtition from dysfunctional de jure state to the Weberian de facto state. Examples- Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia etc.Internally-led-reconstruction- Where domesticated actors inside a state try to channel change. A transition from dysfunctional de jure state to a de facto state that ho-humly enlarges institutions, thoug h not necessarily classless ones.Examples- Mozambique, Kurdistan etc.Historically failed states simply used to disappear, divided up or conquered by a more than powerful neighbour yet todays conventional soundness has it that collapsed states must be reconstructed immediately and comprehensively a coarse the lines of representative countries with free market economies, thanks to the intervention by international community.2 internationalist community has assumed that it is both possible and essential for all the dysfunctional state to be reconstructed within their old borders simply this confidence is very recent one.In the 1990s intervention by international community in a dysfunctional state invariably entailed the organizing of multi-party elections within the shortest possible time. For shell. The Lusaka agreement of 1999 required the warring parties of DRC3 to engage in national dialogue to reach agreement on a young democratic political syatem and to hold election s. The December 2001, Bonn agreement called for holding of a loya Jirga4 in Afghanisatn to reach agreement on a new democratic political system, to be followed by elections.Historically, attempts to reconstruct a state crapper be categorized in two ways-Externally-led-reconstruction- Donor approach5 of reconstruction includes vista up of new democratic institutions, re-writing validations, new election laws, creating civil baseball club organization, liberalization of the economy etc. Most of the times these organizations do not turn out to be signifi merchant shipt and ceremonious-hence institutions because most of the time they do not provide solution to the real problems on the ground. But donors, however, study of institution building, less in edges of finding solutions to what local actors preceive to be problems, and more in terms of transpalnting best practices that have been successful elsewehere.In the end, this approach of international community makes difficult for organizations to become institutions because they do not solve the real time problems. world(prenominal) community also wants institutions to come into function within a short span of time which is impossible.Internally-led-reconstruction- The domestic actors that reconstruct states argon miliatry men and politicians, who are more prone to act than to write, meaning by creation of constitution and institutions (liked by international community) is usually not their first priority. Majority of the internally led reconstuction of states come from Africa. For example in Uganda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, first step towards reconstruction was military victory. Since in that respect were no other content at the disposal of domestic actors to generate the chest of d rude(prenominal)ers aimed to govern a state, the only path was recourse to the raw power generated by superior force. Once they had generated legitimacy through force, they tried and true to transfrom that raw power into conf idence by regularizing institutions and processes of governemnt. This led to the reconstruction of the state, moreover not to the emergence of democratic states. Major components, free choice and public participation were missing. so International community doesnt like this approach. critique of Externally-led-reconstruction-Best practices do not solve real problems. For example, in Afghanistan retributional justice, against the wishes of chairman Karzai, was adopted against Taliban which became reason for Taliban to re-emerge. But if we look at the South African trasition from Aprtiheid regime, it was very smooth because they practiced what suited South Africas in store(predicate) the best.Donor supported institution building put an unbearable burdan on fragile states and in the end becomes self-defeating. For example , the strength of Afghan military is 3,75,000. Annual budget of the Army and the annual income of the state are similar. Therefore, if there is no international committment thus how will Afghan state strain the salaries of soldiers and what is their use if Taliban can come to negotiating terms.In most of the attempts of reconstruction, so-called institution building is not part of a sustained, open ended intrnational payload to remain involved until the process is completed, but rather part of an fail strategy. Donors wants organizations in coiffe so that they can go home but to my understanding that is a self-defeating strategy.Criticism of Internally-led-reconsturction-The actors wants to create a de facto state but usually they dont have resourcesEven if they have the capacity to reconstruct the de facto state, they are likely to be reluctant to keep back their newly acquired power and move from dictatorship or raw power to institutionalized politics and rule of law.In both types of state reconstruction, a major challenge lies in moving from order imposed through power to the institutions because institutions help in regularising authority in the desire run. In internal reconstruction processes, second phase of state reconstruction6 often fails to defecate place, because those who have consolidated power have little incentive to ascertain its exercise by developing institutions. In donor-directed processes, the international community rushes to develop institutions, but tends to withdraw the power that buttresses them far too soon, leading to failure. more or less prescriptions to reconstruct a state-When we think about the term reconstruction, we should realise enough attention towards the possible outcome and resources at our disposal. Above all we need to know the short term and long term goals. sometimes states are in need of means of survival but we are busy in creating democratic institutions and implementing best practices of governance for them. Thus we need to create and promote institutions according to the relevance and need of the hour but at the same time keeping in mind the long term goals. We need to recognize the potential candidates of statehood. For an example, Kurdistan Regional Government is a de facto state but it does not have international recognition. We are claustrophobic of accepting the nationhood for Kurdistan. The same goes for Somaliland or Puntland. International community need to fall apart heed to the de facto states.We need to know that institution building is a slow process and one size does not fit all- hence one type of system cannot fulfil the needs of every state. Every place is different on the earth and people have different approaches to the life. Thus we shouldnt impose so-called best practices of governance in every corner of the world. Above all we shouldnt create those institutions which can put unbearable burden on fragile states and become self defeating. For example- strong military apparatus in Afghanistan. If whatsoever state believes in the execution of the best practices then that donor should set modest targets and should hav e long term commitment. We shouldnt expect too much too soon. As saying goes, It undertakes 18 years for an infant to turn into an adult then how we can expect an institution to be functional within fewer years.Conclusion Reconstruction of states is a very difficult process. In twenty-first century, international community believes that there can not exist any failed states in the world and if there is any then we need to reconstruct it. But a lot of lessons needs to be learnt before we take up new assignments of reconstruction. Neither extrnal led, nor internal led approaches of reconstruction are perfect but with some improvements they can carry descent outcomes. International community always seems to be in hurry to build institutions but it requires a very long term commitment for organizations to turn into established institutions. Sometimes there is severe imbalance between the goals set by international community and the resources donors are willing to commit to attain the goals.It is possible to reconsturct a state if whatever organizations we set up, help in declaration real probelms on the ground and thus become long dour instutions. But if we just delpoy best practices without giving heed to the possible outcomes, it can lead to failure. Internally led reconstruction can also yield positive results if international community can provide long term commitment in building institutions. At the same time international community should bring de facto states into de jure states but there are always no easy choices to make.Bibliography-Jackson, R. (1990) Quasi-states Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Daniel Warner (1991) An ethic of responsibility in International Relations. Lynne Rienner PublishersChang, H. (2000) Institutional Development in Developing Countries in a Historical Perspective Lessons from Developed Countries in Earlier Times.Forman, S. and S. Patrick (2000) Good Intentions Ple dges of incite for Post-Conflict Recovery. Boulder, CO Lynne Rienner Publishers.Guiding Principles for Stabilization and Reconstruction (2009), United States Institute of rest Press, Washington DCMarina Ottaway (2003), Rebuilding State Institutions in Collapsed States, EBSCO publishing house. bellyache Charles T. (2008). twist States to Build Peace? A critical analysis. diary of Peacebuilding and Development Vol.4 n.2 p.60.De Weijer, F. (2013). A Capable State in Afghanistan A Building without a Foundation? WIDER Working Paper No. 2013/063. Helsinki UNU-WIDER.1 Definitions of de jure and de facto states have been borrowed from the work of Robert R Jackson.2 International Community- in this paper this word means the conglomerate of industrialized democracies and the multilateral agencies over which industrialized countries have preponderating influence.3 DRC- Democratic Republic of Congo4 Loya Jirga- is a special type of pace assembly that is mainly organized to choose a new t ribal chief of state in case of sudden death, to adopt new constitution or to settle serious issues such as war etc.5 Donors- International community including international organizations6 Second phase of reconstruction in internally led reconstruction is to transform raw power into authority by establishing institutions.