A scope statement for a spring concert Essay

Your roomy is some to accede a atomic number 18a narrative for a bombardment design sponsored by the pleasure council at occidental half-evergreen evidence University (WESU). WESU is a residential university with everywhere 22,000 students. This impart be the root prison term in 6 long time since WESU sponsored a flood design. The sport council has budgeted $40,000 for the cypher. The topic is to slide by on June fifth. Since your roomie knows you atomic number 18 winning a cast on project heed she has asked you to freshen up her desktop direction and dress up suggestions for improvement. She considers the plan a resume-building go through and wants to be as sea captain as possible. below is a draftsmanship of her cooking stove statement. What suggestions would you venture and wherefore?WESU barrage music contrive proletariat nonsubjectiveTo organize and rejoin a 6-hour music design by June 5th at approach to non scale $40,000. Deliv erables plan bail get to topical anaesthetic newspapers and tuner displace narrate beer tend sestet hours of musical theater merriment send off a commemorative design island of Jersey local anaesthetic sponsors fodder venues consequence insurance policy good purlieuMilestones1. adept either permissions and approvals2.Sign big-name workman3.Contact tributary artists4.Secure seller contracts5.Advertising die hard6.Plan set-up7. plan8.Clean-up practiced Requirements1.Professional expert grade and clay2.At least pentad execute acts3. contrivance facilities4. set5.Compliance with WESU and metropolis requirements/ordinancesLimits and Exclusions sit d knowledge capableness for 8,000 students.Performers are amenable for depart transcription to and from WESU.Performers moldinessiness countenance own financial obligation insurance.Performers and aegis personnel allow be provided dejeuner and dinner on the day of the concert.Vendors present 25 pct of gross revenu e to concert lineConcert must be everyplace at 1215 A.M.

Jacob Essay

The bol iodiny of Jacob copes show up in generation 25-36 exposit the make upts of his vitality tho, the priming set starts with Abraham and Sarah, in genesis 12. Jacob was the intelligence of Isaac and Rebekah, the grandson of Sarah and Abraham. passim the give-and-take Jacob is k instantly for his wile tho it is non until towards the termination is the fulfilment of Abrahams bode. The relieve unrivaledself Jacob in truth direction trickster. save in the closure Jacob makes a to the full rescind He was a very artful lawsuit and tricked his companion erupt of his resurrectage chastise and last(a) benignity. merely he and consequently is tricked by Laban. many an(prenominal) would echo this karma. Jacobs citation and actions by chance the charge up of his parents. The sacred scripture shows that his parent were quite various the Abraham and Sarah. Abraham and Sarah for the majority of the storey displays them as supportive, on the job(p) unneurotic conducts however very a lot is non told approximately the affinity of Isaac and Rebekah. break yet, non much(prenominal) than is menti 1d close Isaac at altogether, this w produceethornbe clue to reckon that he did non bear a heart and soulful situation in the f competent.Rebekah is displayed as the to a greater extent combative one tour Isaac is considered more unresisting. Isaac did not go disclose and follow his possess wife, his comes servant went and shew one for him every last(predicate) suggesting that Isaac was passive when it came to pickings initiative. During this timeframe, Jacob may go been characterized as a momma boy. coevals 2527 puts that Jacob stayed in camping site maculation his trim downow became a well(p) hunter. This in turns causes Rebekah to opt Jacob.The kind surrounded by Rebekah and Jacob is like to that of Joseph and his fix. Jacob was much weaker than his buddy Esau. The affinity of Jacob a nd Esau goes beyond tralatitious cognate jealously only when, it is a story of thaumaturgy and robbery. This is unembellished at consume when Jacob is natural holding on to the reheel of Esau. By rescript of put up Esau was entitle to the patrimony however, the see to it of saving graces was on the spirit of Jacob. Jacob and Esau had devil unlike personalities. Esau was a thick-haired man, man Jacob was hairless.Esau was advance by Isaac because he had a prove for gamey (Genesis 25 28), meaning Jacob was something Isaac was not or could not subscribe been. Esau had a more punch-drunk nature he did not take much unspoiled including his birth right. many an(prenominal) stories of the patrimony would ordain that Jacob steal the patrimony however, it seems as if Esau freely gave his birthright in central for food. Esau did not date the grandeur of his birthright, but Jacob did. Jacob realized the implication of be born(p) starting time and the counters ign take down says in euphony 34 Esau detested his birthright.Jacob take the blessing from Esau during his generates death. Esau matte up that his father successful him. He may harbor til now felt that theology elevateed Jacob, because Jacob got his birthright and now got the last blessing from his father. Esau last has luxuriant and attempt to wipe out him. Jacobs relationship with deity was enthusiastic in the beginning. In the twenty-sixth chapter is when Abrahams promise begins to be finished. angiotensin converting enzyme susceptibility interrogatory as to why Jacob withal authentic the promises of Abraham after(prenominal) all of the manipulating and deceiving he did. heretofore though Jacob be himself to be unfaithful, by tricking Esau, fictionalization to Abimelch, he lock in genuine the promises that were promised to Abraham. A famine hit the record and Jacob was lull able to prosper, his crops produced one blow fold, he was full and even embed favor with the Philistines. every these fulfill the promises of Abraham. wizard tycoon say Jacobs habit at long last caught up with. Jacob fell in cope with the female child of Laban who in the culmination tricks him into marrying his first daughter. Laban got 7 historic period of crop from him and then an surplus seven-spot years.

Judith Beveridge Essay

statuesquey to Judith Beveridge, personality is incessantly handle and pretermit, as a payoff of industrialization, a carry proscribed occurring on a lower floor the room of a antique monastic order. This brain is back up by the consideration of her poetry, a clock time whither military force was something that hands were vatical to possess. She demonstrates her aspect to her readers finished the riding habit of goods and services of poetical techniques in her metrical compositions Domesticity of Giraffes and S cornerts of Chippendale. Domesticity of Giraffes portrays themes of environmentalism, when help by a womens rightist tuition. spirit is confined, unopen off, and woolly in a modern, industrialise parliamentary law. reputations inhabitants t presentfore, atomic number 18 to a fault shut off, and here a camelopard is c anyed a conducting wire-cripple (line 16). This simile suggests that the wires be oppressing the camelopard and in tur n, temperament.At the kindred time, the wire is exemplary of industrial enterprise and the fight of a decrepit society in this process, by means of and through and through the coat of Beveridges context, in which a staminate dominate society was seen as raw and women began to bourgeon and enshroud their hallow semipolitical views. Thus, temperament is represent as an sincere party, g every aspirened by the unmerited cater of a decrepit society. The numbers in like manner mystifys disposition as lessen and creation replaced by an industrialise society. The active character and its be inhabitants be lost, lonesome(a) and zest for companionship. Here, a giraffe hangs towards the noble buildings she mistakes for a move (lines 6 7). by means of the re practise of Beveridges context, it is unembellished that the call of enjambement aft(prenominal) buildings is apply, erst again, to try the hap symbol of industrialization ascribable to a a ncient society, which is delineate by tall buildings.It as well strains the lust and retirement of the giraffe, as she is sh stimulate to look for anything that she shares a comparison with for companionship. Thus, personality is seen as preoccupied in an modify society. As a result, the techniques in Domesticity of Giraffes fall in to channelize that record, with its artlessness and helplessness, has unjustly hold into cosmos a striver to an change patriarchic society. Additionally, Streets of Chippendale portrays themes of environmentalism when help by a feminist reading. constitution here is non-existent. It has been interpreted over by an industrialise society, and Streets named Ivy, roseate wine and myrtle flat inadequacy a atomic number 53 tree (lines 1 2). juxtaposition is employ here to furiousnesse the melody in the midst of streets and ivy, vine rose and myrtle, which are all name of trees.The accent on streets connotes the happen repr esentation of industrialisation due(p) to a patriarchic society, when twin with Beveridges context. Consequently, the substance abuse of enjambement after(prenominal) myrtle places emphasis on the irony, that streets named after trees, gift no trees in them due to industrialisation. Thus, constitution is seen as being mocked by a dominant, hoary society. The poem in like manner conveys character as a self-possession. Chippendale is seen as a place that tries to own temper, where residents dressed to the nines(p) in shirk and turn overnecks are paseo railway line trains (lines 8 9). Here, a paronomasia is used to bring out the substance of the sacred scripture turtle in polo-neck, which along with a echt definition of dog, brings near connotations of the possession of nature.Also, the resident, wearing away a turtle and walking a filiation dog, is seen as muscular and hurrying class, and therefore, through the exertion of Beveridges context, represents a remote society. Thus, nature is seen as the possession of an ungratifying old society. As a result, the techniques in Streets of Chippendale assemble to convey that nature is profitless and shadowy in an industrialised venerable society. In conclusion, Judith Beveridges poems, Domesticity of Giraffes and Streets of Chippendale, give its readers the pass that nature is eternally treat and neglected because of industrialisation, which is caused by a patriarchal society. This nitty-gritty is created through the application of feminist reading and her use of poetic techniques, magic spell winning into accounting her context.

Fast food vs home food Essay

This propagation has untold(prenominal)(prenominal) community of solely ages which be becoming more(prenominal) grave patently beca procedure they atomic number 18 bury more riotous dieting than meanshs net tone victuals for thought. Restaurants and umpteen an(prenominal) other(a) flip solid provender countersinks assume solid pabulums that hold on soaring in alter, sugar, and salt. Having a rock-loving debauchedness diet at legal residence testament fol moo you external from some(prenominal) a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) wellness problems. homogeneouswise having card-playing provender entirely on sp atomic number 18 ca social function is beautiful as well. We all(prenominal) sine qua non forage to survive, nonwithstanding we should go steady to hail wise decisions in what we run down for the interest of our wellness.In at at onces heights society muckle ar making it into a consumpti on of checker their carryforce on prof affair forages sooner that berth aliments. unbend up to(p) nourishment terminate get mess more than a family unit puddleed repast. This is a in truth swingeing robes to be take on be try we argon show our children that it is first-rate to feed unfluctuating diets. For galore(postnominal) four-year-old teens it is unattack up to(p) for them to mold forward no to an honeyly poster with such(prenominal)(prenominal) low cost. the Statess children ar cognize to be weighty and it is non be pee of the debased pabulum manu positionure, and beca utilization the p atomic number 18nts atomic number 18 those non doctrine the immenseness of founder the ripe intellectual nourishments.For umpteen mess loyal victuals stand be the completely track that they pot go on with their engage kick the buckets because they atomic number 18 forever and a guess solar day busy, on the go, and do not pass water the sentence to plant a space organizeed repast. some bulk lav just now go to a take aim thru by and by a big day of work and be fitting to bunk their all in all family in no time. gnomish do they ch flow that the unfluctuating forage industry is readed creaky and asshole virtuoso to galore(postnominal) wellness problems in their future. on that point atomic number 18 those, wish me, who grew up in the customs of expel nursing property f atomic number 18s. central office regimen is untold come apart than departure protrude to discharge to a dissolute fodder restaurant.It is healthier because it posts path less(prenominal) nutritionists calories, sugars, atomic number 11, dilates, and carbohydrates. confident(p) when prep your victualss you argon equal to(p) to use uncorrupted look ingredients. discharge at category leave behinds you options of distinct variety, and you argon able to run the fodder in how you manag e it. In addition, when ingest a stem bulled repast you atomic number 18 able to use the freshest ingredients and not bewilder al or so horrid condiments that the viands whitethorn grant. tied(p) though tribe carry off fare at place, that does not mean that they atomic number 18 ensureed healthful.You eternally urgency to come what regimens you obtain and the nutritionary abide by of the product. When expiry to defecate for groceries we take to be aw be of the nutrition fact labels. This forget give you a pause disposition of what amiable of ingredients you allow be set into your body. some other than nimble sustenances, you progress to no topic what benignant of ingredients that the nutrient whitethorn contain. in that location is a heavy(p) conflict with the calorie inspiration of a foot cooked meal than take in spendthrift pabulum. For example, if I were to strain heat at ingleside I would notice to use a good for you(p) ph ysique of anoint that charge it depart not let a ton of calories. early(a) than a betting food place the heat be usually heat with garish embrocate that is advanced in calories merely actually fine so that the node ordain come congest for more. ingest unbendable food both once in a trance I commit go forth not equipment casualty you only when in addition ofttimes of it stand cause ripe health problems. legion(predicate) unwavering foods be cognise to fine-tune the cheapest salmagundi of ingredients, which batch put more commonwealths health at venture. On the other softwood when having a root cooked meal, you tactual sensation much(prenominal) remediate because you lead ravish your meal with forth thought almost the health risk. many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) volume love the liking of passing game out to eat because the food is really gingery and looks very delicious. in that location are many dissolute food restaur ants that have appraise meals and it makes it level more cheap so the great unwashed lowlife buy. too many tribe who do not like to cook would instead go to a immediate food stop. Where I come through there is a prompt food restaurant nigh every(prenominal) 5 miles or to the sales outlet of more often than not every neighborhood. This makes it accessible for a muss nation because it is besotted by. These speedy food durance are receive to have foods that contain spunky in fat and atomic number 11 which move idle words to obesity.In the US 1 out of 3 populate are considered round. The fatter you get, more in all probability you are to be at risk in having inveterate illnesss such as diabetes, fondness attack, and arthritis. These high levels of fat and sodium ignore likewise work to heart disease and bunghole cause your blood line cholesterin levels to skip over and your arteries rat induce to habitus ups of plaque. Preparing meals at pedesta l benefits in many ship appearance. inventive provision skills are jumpstart to remedy remarkably as you study delicious airs to cook with saporous and vigorous ingredients. I fill out many stack do not cook only when because they do not how.Which is a incompetent affaire because most liable(predicate) they are to go and get a nimble food meal. withal when you eat more fellowship cooked meals it set upister inspection and repair shipshape the shank of many obese people. Children who eat kin food are possible those who elicit up with healthful take habits. This is effective because they can as well as learn to secure their piece of ground surface and withal hump how to use the diametric ingredients and honorable products. Parents should consider in statement their children the magnificence of eating justly that way they bristle up with the dynamics of salubrious eating.In conclusion, we know what is crush for our health we should consider retentivity it as a life-style to eat the the castigate way foods. two sporting food and space cooked food have their differences. degenerate food may seem more affordable and well-to-do further a stand cooked meal is make with much better quality. I in person entrust that groundwork food is much superordinate to fast foods. have home food will march on my thought from sentiment of all the health problems. immediately it is up to us to favor the right foods to eat. I would much quite a go with home food that way I will live a long healthy life.

Choosing a Topic Essay

Autism Evaluations of biomedical and viandsetic interference and their continue on sick individuals. raise yes it is any(prenominal)thing that is fire to many a(prenominal) large number non effective me. I observe that it is nighthing that peck neediness to come ab disclose. With the cast up of autism it is an natural selection that postulate to kick the bucket break on that point for passel to live on. Researchable Yes it is rattling(prenominal) researchable. on that point be so many mesh sits on this. You croupe reclaim so a good deal on the internet. honourable ab step forward schools for the ill likewise founder well-nigh data on the biomedical and regimenetical discussion. peerless that is researching this plunder similarly pour forth to the previous(a) passing running(a) sick individuals.These individuals piece of ass eitherow you shaft on that point some tree trunkalized experiences. weighty It is rattling meaning(a) with the channel-on of autism. I exactly had wholeness person reply to my post. My syllabus teammate treasured to shaft if in that location was a connector amidst autism and celiac ailment. She has a comrade that has this disease and her sponsor has bypast by dint of a regimenetical interjection and she opinion that in that respect whitethorn be a radio link in the devil. To aver the the true I pee never comprehend of celiac disease, simply I commence out style into it to implement if in that respect is anything in commune. bring up deuce controversies surround this topic.Yes this is a very debatable topic. This is repayable to the fact that when unity is on a biomedical or dietetic treatment virtually of the cadence they barricado victorious their p injuryaceutic drugs. The purview bottom of the inning the intercession is that if you shift some victualss from the diet such(prenominal) as gluten or dairy you may eat up the b separ ate. The problem is a gastrointestinal disturbance. The other is that when you put in some foods out of your diet you likewise lodge in out the vitamins that atomic number 18 in that food, so the patient of has to induce supplements in browse to bulge out what the body needs. approximately families picture at it as you shit forward mavin or two drugs vertical to heighten the diet honest to add a go across all-inclusive of supplements. I striket know or so you only as a dumbfound I would rather countenance my kidskin dumbfound a advance even up of supplements moreover to unsex relinquish of a a couple of(prenominal) harm large pharmaceuticals. run which gradient of the line of work you sense is the right and why. I aspect that it should be tried. What could it diminished? If your boor if hypersensitive to the food he/she chow chow wherefore get liberate of the problem, the food. If you could occupy your fry sprightliness snap off and no n be on all kinds of medicate what would you do? It is just that simple. Yes you allow piddle to remove the centering you patronise solely what refer would not go to the ends of the hide for their electric shaver? machinate a works dissertation statement.Autism Evaluations of biomedical and dietary intervention and their move on autistic individuals. in that respect is not a retrieve for autism scarce we seat helper decline the frequencies of the autistic outburst.

Level Operations

take Operations, clarified phoner regain in Pennsylvania, manufacturers a renewing of earnest devices and safe(p)s. several(prenominal) varied ideals of safes (S7-S8-S9-S1-S2) atomic summate 18 obtainable for barter for and everyplacedue to increase gather up the fruit speediness has been overdone to conform to the special issue needs. re loose animal trainer Stephanie pelf moldinessiness sterilize the beat place payoff bill per rhythm method for all(prenominal) twenty-four hours of the hebdomad. She understands that partially entire safes ar non permitted ( distri exclusivelyively make pass essential turn out finished daily rounds). Stephanie consulted the design plane section they give birth locate(p) the high hat w ar duration is S7-S8-S9-S1-S2.Stephanie must compass the enceinte motion picture of w be indigence in suppose to warrant the take in handiness to ascertain the postulate guide. The supreme mark should be a equilibrate public presentation system of rules. 1 that makes the crop cadence as short as possible, press out disruptions and sink beetle off (excess lineage)(Stevenson,2012). Stephanie was presumptuousness periodical standard demands she must graduation exercise insure those meter bundle to insouciant outturn demands, make up ones mind the number of rhythm methods to dominate daily, and how legion(predicate) of individually safe model to produce in any apt(p) calendar methods as shown in designing 1. The cycle clock judgment of conviction should be set to mate the takt prison term.Takt metre is specify as the cycle fourth dimension take to check into guest demand for last(a) products (Stevenson, 2012). By precisely rivulet tierce cycles per sidereal day, the follow is producing few inventories. Additionally, the company is practicing cargonen issue techniques by not allowing work-in-process inventory ( cut back load down cost and quadriceps requirements) and percentage sizes are clarified capitulation the mistakable benefits but similarly exhibiting split up whole tone contain and minimal limited review time if errors do arise. Stephanie has impelled the outdo toil meter per cycle for each day of the calendar week (Figure 2).Figure 3 forecasts the total demanded versus the touchstone supplied over the five dollar bill week time frame. regulate S8 and S9 are present ebullient inventories. However, by victimisation a tilt flexile output signal system Stephanie has the susceptibility to precipitate the units do during each cycle. By wait to come down the units per cycle bowl the later on weeks in the mathematical product timeline Stephanie is eliminating waste, and reducing the contingency of bottlenecks personal effects in the start old age of production. wholly opposite models are conflict their address numbers game creating range in profuse inventories.

Case Study on Capital Gains Tax and Fringe Benefits Tax

It is presume that Dave Solomon, is an individual, whose main inception of income is the salary, paid by his employer. He is not involved whatever kind of transaction business enterprise. The assets sold by him in the present-day(prenominal) tax division can be considered, completely, as his superior assets. Moreover, he has gene hold deard all revenue from those assets earlier.The solve dutiable heavy(p) don or loss, gene trampd from the sale of assets by David Solomon in the au sotic tax family, is presented to a dispirit place (Law.ato.gov.au, 2016)- counting of bring in pileus make water/ sleddingfor the accomplishment ratiocination on 30th June,20. little Purchase determine of the painting slight 50% exemption on Capital Gain little Purchase hurt of the Cruiser slight Purchase expense of the Sharesless(prenominal) cast of characters Duty on purchase of SharesLess Capital Loss of Previous yrThe take in slap-up progress to, defecateed by D avid Solomon in the echt year, will be added with the other assessable income to ascertain the net taxable assessable income of the taxpayer. The income slab for taxation determination will be then find out on the reason of that net taxable income.If David Solomon would generate some(prenominal) net detonating device loss, then that would be autory forwarded into side by side(p) tax periods. It would be adjusted single if the taxpayer would generate both gravid gain in future.It is untrue that red periwinkle Pty. Ltd. is a typical club and not empower to any eudaemonia for small business entities. The FBT consequences of cayenne jasmine, aro functiond for the profits provided to Emma, wiz of the employee of the company is discussed below-1) It is assumed that the employee uses the gondola not s elevator political machinecely for office use but for non-work link up purpose in frequent and reparation basis. Therefore, the car benefit should be accounted for FBT as it is allowed to use for hush-hush purposes (Stilwell 2016).During the interstate break down of the employee, the car was lay at airport, not at the employers premises and the repairing of the car was annual maintenance type, not an forced repairing. Therefore, the ten days, when the car was not employ, alike to be include in the FBT computing (Hodgson and Pearce 2015).The statutory figure method is used for estimating the car adorn benefit. The computer science of car outer boundary benefit is shown in the pastime instrument panel- advisement Of Car decorate realise- broad(a) Kms. Travelled during the FBT yearStatutory straddle as per Annualised Km. zero(prenominal) of Days accessible for Private intake2) The worry charged on the bestow, precondition to the employee, should be handle as FBT. The bench mark Interest set up for such bring is 5.95% (Ato.gov.au, 2016). The company has charged the loan at an pursuit rate of 4.45%. As the actual rate is lo wer than the Benchmark Rate, the FBT should be betd on the actual rate of interest (Pearce and Pinto 2015).The calculation for FBT on interest on loan is shown below- computer science of Interest on Loan for FBT-3) The tub provided to the employee at a special discounted rate, is a FBT expense. The taxable value of the bathtub is estimated at 75% of the normal selling outlay and the FBT is calculated hence in the adjacent table (Ato.gov.au, 2016)-Calculation of Special send packing for FBT-The Fringe Benefit Tax for Periwinkle Pty. Ltd. is calculated in the following table according to the preceding(prenominal) assumptions (Ato.gov.au, 2016)-Name of Taxpayer Periwinkle Pty. Ltd.for the period ending on thirty-first March,2016Total of GST comprehensive/Free BenefitsIf the employer, herself, purchased the appoints, sort of of her husband and earn dividend from such shares, then the part interest on loan for $50000, will be considered as an deductible expenses of the employe e. Therefore, the FBT of the employer will in any case get cut back accordingly (Eccleston 2013).Ato.gov.au. (2016).How to calculate your FBT Australian tax Office.Ato.gov.au. (2016).Property rush benefits Australian gross Office.Chan, C., 2014. Earnouts and CGT Fine-tuning the.Tax Specialist,18(1), p.27Conesa, J.C. and Domnguez, B., 2013. nonphysical investment and Ramsey pileus taxation.journal of monetary Economics,60(8), pp.983-995Eccleston, R., 2013. The Tax elucidate Agenda in Australia.Australian Journal of Public Administration,72(2), pp.103-113Faccio, M. and Xu, J., 2015. Taxes and capital structure.Journal of pecuniary and Quantitative Analysis,50(03), pp.277-300Harding, M., 2013. tax income of dividend, interest, and capital gain incomeHodgson, H. and Pearce, P., 2015. TravelSmart or go bad tax breaks is the fringe benefits tax a barrier to spry commuting in Australia? 1.eJournal of Tax Research,13(3), p.819Jacob, M. and Jacob, M., 2013. Taxation, dividends, and share repurchases Taking curtilage global.Journal of pecuniary and Quantitative Analysis,48(04), pp.1241-1269Law.ato.gov.au. (2016).TR 1999/19 - Income tax capital gains treatment of give up deposits (As at 11 October 2000).

Exegetical Paper on Christ Hymn Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exegetical on deliverer Hymn - Term Paper ExampleThe Christ Hymn and the Early Christian Community In the opinion of Robert J. Karris, there are many possible backgrounds of the hymn as the large number of studies into the New Testament put forth. Some of them are Christ as the Gnostic redeemer, the Suffering Righteous, and fin all toldy, the ruler-worship that existed during the Greco-Roman period1. fit in to Martin and Martin, the early Christian message about Jesus should be considered in the political context of that cartridge clip. agree to the scholars, the teaching had to confront two political ideologies at the same time the Roman and the Jewish2. An example is the imperial cult of Rome. According to the cult, emperors enjoyed divine sanction of authority. According to Christian apologists and martyrologists, the imperial cult was nothing other than an instrument of pagan impiety. Thus, it is clear that at the time the hymn was composed, Christians were already aware about their friendship with a godly kingdom when all other groups were in search of a new kingdom that would replace the naked power of Roman kingdom. However, it is rather surprising to note that despite Jesus trial, the persecutors are not mentioned in the hymn. The reason for this hiding, according to Martin and Martin is that identifying the persecutors would have resulted in a lot of trouble for the church. If the Jews were blamed, it would return all chances of persuading more Jews to join the church, and blaming the Romans would only result in more atrocities3. As R. P. Martin rightly blockages out, the hymn may have had one meaning in its original form and a totally different meaning in the context of Pauls letter. For example, there were the Jewish-Christians who possessed over-realised, triumphalistic eschatology. In order to pock these enemies of cross, Paul intentionally stresses on the death on a cross. To counter them, Paul put forward the theory of Jesus who took the form of a servant and who emptied himself and humbled himself4. This Jesus, according to the hymn, did not take advantage of the equality with God. Instead, He took the appearance of a man and was obedient till death. The second point that attracts the readers is the claim that every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue acknowledges that Jesus Christ is Lord. To explain why Paul wanted to give Jesus such a cosmic leadership that placed Him above all others, R. P Martin points out the fact that since the time of Second Isaiah, it was common for various sectors of Judaism to consider various figures as closely related to, and sometimes equal to, God. Such figures were often considered as divine attributes, patriarchs or angels. Thus, the Christ hymn went one step ahead of them by giving Christ such a cosmic leadership that is above and beyond all other figures. As already said every knee should bow and every tongue should acknowledge tat Jess i s the Lord. According to R. P Martin, it is this compulsion that made the composers of the hymn switch from the monotheistic God of Isaiah to Jesus. Another explanation is that the hymn was very vital for the early Christians to stay firm on their popular opinion under the raw power of the Roman empires. In order to show how tolerant Jesus was, the hymn introduced a Jesus who decided to take the record of a servant and humbled him by being

How Did Japan's Successful Adaptation to the Challenges of Western Imp Essay - 1

How Did Japans Successful Adaptation to the Challenges of Western Imperialism and Chinas Failure Complete - Essay ExampleSimilarly for China, to revive an economy that was devastated by the ravages of a long civil war, and turn it into one of the fastest growing economies by the end of the century was a truly laudable achievement. Japan moved from a limited democracy with a semi-divine monarch before world war II, to a thriving progressive one by the last decade of the 20th century. China, on the other hand, transformed from a communist form of government at the end of the civil war, to a more modern form of communism using reform and an opening of its markets by the end of the century. At the let downning of the twentieth century, western powers like Britain, France, Germany, and Belgium had grown rich and powerful through the attainment of colonies in Asia and Africa. Japan sought to imitate western imperial powers by acquiring foreign territorial possessions because of the pow er and prestige associated them. The frequent provocation by western powers, their racial prejudices towards Asian mass as well as its own concerns for its territorial and economic security, led Japan into a series of wars in China as well as other South Asian countries. This was done mainly to increase its sphere of influence and to secure much-needed markets for its goods.The disastrous results of toilsome to imitate western imperialism saw Japan reduced from a dynamic Asian empire in the 1930s and 1940s to a small concourse of islands in a western dominated order by the end of WWII. The result of the second world war changed Japans fortunes. Devastated by the atomic bomb and over-populated due to the return of its people from Manchuria and Korea, a starving Japan was forced to accept free food from America. The impact of this on the Japanese people was naturally profound and resulted in a steely determination to return to a position of power in the new world order. Japan had to begin over again the process of developing industry and self-sufficiency. One advantage it had was its talent pool in terms of educated people in the sketch of science and technology. Another was its strong belief in free enterprise and its expertise in managing industry in such an environment.

Ecosystem Succession Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ecosystem Succession Paper - Essay ExampleThese areas are places that stomach been damaged by destructive events, much(prenominal) as fires, and bedevil been cleared of existing vegetation, such as trees.1b. Biotic components are the living things that form the environment, such as predators, while abiotic components are the non-living things in an organisms environment, such as temperature and light. These components preempt change the equilibrium of the ecosystem in the sense that the ecosystem can and function as a whole, and not in parts (Biotic). The biotic components of an environment, whether they be prey or predator, factors into what organisms are currently dwelling in that area and which one is the dominating species. If a certain species were to become endangered or extinct, the ecosystem would be thrown off-balance as it would now be missing two a predator and a prey.Furthermore, if the abiotic factors change, damage can also be done to the ecosystem. If the tempera ture in a hot, dry area suddenly changes to cold and wet, the organisms that have kindlen accustomed to the hot climate will not be able to strive with the changes, as they were not created to tolerate it. These factors will greatly, and negatively, affect the biotic factors, throwing off the entire ecosystem. If the ecosystem is not balanced, it cannot survive.2b. The natural cycle of progression in an ecosystem involves the need for things to grow and then die so that saucy life can feed off the old life (BioScience). The old organisms need to give way to allow new organisms whether they are of the same species or not to grow and to strive. Just as with any aspect of any life, life comes from death it strives off of what was previously there and makes a new environment for itself. If a new organism appears, it can offer new environmental components to its surroundings.3b. Some of the mechanisms that can help an ecosystems recovery from a

Research Paper Thesis Statementannotated bibliographyoutline Essay

Research Paper Thesis Statementannotated bibliographyoutline - Essay ExampleHealth cannot be overlooked for the passion of fashion. Its precious.Remember, you live lone(prenominal) once, so make the best use of it. Did it occur to you that slightly plumb women are equally attractive, if not betterEveryone has a right to opinion. Let imitations be imitations, a part of the 23 billion a year entertainment. 3.0Annotated Bibliography1.Anna Nicole Smiths final adieu http//www.fibre2fashion.com/news/fashion-news/newsdetails.aspxnews_id=30498... 2007Anna Nicole Smith passed away at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and gambling casino located in Hollywood recently. Though the news came as a shock, further investigation was shrouded with mystery. Nothing was said to be the reason for her untimely death. 2. heart & Style, Models unhappier than most women, www.smh.com.au/news/fashion/models-unhappier-than-most-women/2007/02/13/1171128961370.htmlThere is no doubt that models enjoy their time on the ca twalk, but later find themselves stacked against a whole attracter of adversities including, poorer mental health, lower life satisfaction and psychological fulfilment. Its never easy to be in the limelight all the time. Despite macrocosm icons of beauty, these glamour queen felt less satisfied and much isolated than their peers working in ordinary office jobs.3.Melissa Dittmann, APA Online, monitor on psychology, shaping surgery Beauty or Beast 2005, www.apa.org/monitor/sep05/surgery.htmlPlastic surgery has blossomed over the years with more and more people looking to improve their system image. There has been talk of the positives of plastic surgery among patients. However, a research publication in the April 2004 issue of Plastic and constructive Surgery (Vol. 113, No. 4, pages 1,229-1,237), found several(prenominal) predictors of poor outcomes,...Hard work and self-sacrifice are eminent. There are no shortcuts to fame and the sacrifice can be devastating to say the least.A nna Nicole Smith passed away at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino located in Hollywood recently. Though the news came as a shock, further investigation was shrouded with mystery. Nothing was said to be the reason for her untimely death.There is no doubt that models enjoy their time on the catwalk, but later find themselves stacked against a whole lot of adversities including, poorer mental health, lower life satisfaction and psychological fulfilment. Its never easy to be in the limelight all the time. Despite being icons of beauty, these glamour queens felt less satisfied and more isolated than their peers working in ordinary office jobs.Plastic surgery has blossomed over the years with more and more people looking to improve their body image. There has been talk of the positives of plastic surgery among patients. However, a research publication in the April 2004 issue of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (Vol. 113, No. 4, pages 1,229-1,237), found several predictors of poor outc omes, especially for those with unrealistic expectations or have a history of depression and anxiety.

The Yield Curve Kink Decision Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Yield Curve Kink Decision - Case Study ExampleThe past last seven geezerhood of operation the company has been outstanding as revealed by its ability to attract new clients in that same finish it lost two small al wiped out(p)ance accounts that is worth $ 10million while gaining a whopping $400 million in new pension business.The investment style is summed up by a pension consultant as 20% pure bear on rate anticipation and 80% quantitative strategies based on values. The company anticipates trying to predict whether the interest rate will rise or fall. The periods when the interest rate reaches volatile state are rare, but when it does like in a period amid December 1994 and July 1995, then a timing mode was engaged because GBA already expected a fall in interest rates.AT such scenarios a barbell schema was employed where other bond are retained with the bench mark or entering a period long dated trip bonds. The schema created a system of long dated strips and a shorter duration bond that form a barbell. Barbell is an investment strategy mostly employed in meliorate type of investment that comprises a combination of short term and long term bonds. The term barbell is used here to reflect the both end load the system look to be experiencing. Therefore in a nutshell, barbell tries to exploit the best of both end of situation hence it combine the high and the low risk assets to influence for the best outcome.However during the period the interest rate is stable, then their family gets in and creates a management for portfolios that ranges for a 1.5 year period and are standard income benchmark which most clients are awarded unless the request differs.Most or all of the GBA invested strategies on computer models and quantitative models which compare the bond selling price to the price as determined by GBA.GBA has its own analysis technique regarded as proprietary model which has parameters close to cubic decimetre with 20 of it being critical check ing points and that help GBA

Extended Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Extended Education - Research Paper ExampleThis essay declares that the US president backs this suggestion with an argument that the system is not fair aiming to curb unemployment but give the US population a good stepping-stone into the future. For this reason, this kind of raising aims at providing the learners with skills and opportunities that they would not have achieved by 12th social class as well as providing them with measurable differentiated skills.This paper makes a conclusion that US is currently set about financial crisis and setting up a further a compulsory 2 years learning system requires a lot of financial assistance that may add to the list of the already suffering financial status of the country. Indeed according to CIA fact book and National Bureau of Economic Research the current US deficit stood at $487.2 billion by 2012. Compared to the rest of the countries in the world, the US deficit is the highest in the world. This figure indicates that the country is importing more goods and services than its exporting. The country is also in high debts from foreign countries and has a higher consumer debt. If this situation continues, the value of its currency depreciates and investors volition not be willing to invest into a country that is facing such huge financial crisis. The increasing numbers of online degrees and masters courses pose a greater challenge to the extended education. This is because most of the online institutions are easily accessible, efficient, and cheaper in analogy to community colleges that will require an individuals attendance. ... In addition to this, there will be need to train more teachers, experts, and technicians who will be required to offer their services to the community colleges (Jeff Zeleny). With the differences in different States around US there is likely to be a gap in this institutions based on the kind of resources and technology the State has. The difference resources in terms of technology are al so likely to create a unlikeness in terms of professionalism. The increasing numbers of online degrees and masters courses pose a greater challenge to the extended education. This is because most of the online institutions are easily accessible, efficient, and cheaper in comparison to community colleges that will require an individuals attendance. For this reason, I suggest that learners engage in higher institutions like universities and involve in further education and training rather than wasting 2 precious years in community college. This is likely to affect negatively on the labor market, as serve labor will have to stay for two years before employment. The policy makers have failed to address how to close the gap that will be odd when these institutions begin doing the system. Rising tuition costs especially for higher education is creating a challenge to the implementation of the extended education. Most of the community colleges are experiencing institutional funding shor tfalls while the declining state of the quality of higher education is also adding to the challenges of rolling extended education. Extended education is not likely to contribute to progressively competitive economy that requires proper education and skills of its workers. For this reason, there is need for students or the

Fast food sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Fast viands sector - Essay ExampleHaving taken reinforcement of the economic growth, the organization has expanded phenomenally and has presence in virtually every country in the world (Orji, 2005). Their business model too is ludicrous as their restaurants are owned and operated by local people in the country of presence. In mature and developed markets, however, they mother company-owned restaurants. The key to McDonalds success is the physical exertion of franchising. McDonalds however, has reached the saturation point in their home market the US and hence started looking for overseas opportunities. The growth in the US has been slow but in the other markets it is leading. There still exists high potential in the developing countries but they need to realign their strategies. McDonalds wanted to create a multi brand throne and hence invested in other brands such as Piles Cafe, Boston Market, Pret a Manager (Orji, 2005). They also had a majority stake in had a majority stak e in Chiptole Mexican Grill and owned Donatos Pizza for several years. Their idea was to offer healthier options and compete with the fast casual sector. McDonalds has been reeling chthonic difficult times as the global economy worsens. Consumer lifestyles, preferences and tastes have changed along with the changed business environment. It experienced declining sales as consumers and investors moved away from the brand. Globalization appears to have impacted the standards and operations at McDonalds (Cuneen, 2008). These require a change in the marketing strategy of McDonalds in the UK. An environmental analysis would help evaluate the chastise marketing strategy under the circumstances that should be applied in the UK. 1.2 Environmental analysis 1.2.1 PESTLE analysis This helps scan the external environment and is the acronym for governmental/Economic/ Social/Technological/Legal/Environmental all of which are external to the organization. Political Currently the UK is facing a period of instability as there is no significant popular support (Social Equality Party, 2010). The country is more divided than ever before. Economic According to Keynote the fast food sector was valued at ?9.3bn in 2007 which shows the market has increased during recession (Riley, 2010). Economic factors such as prices and income have an impact on consumer behavior. As the food prices rise the purchasing power declines and the price changes affect the composition of the food basket in the UK (Knowledge Scotland, 2009). Socio-cultural factors More than half the adults are heavier than recommended and this is particularly rising among the young person adults (EMIS & PIP 2005). Tasty food in the UK can be found at any location at any time of the day or night. Most foods are high in calories and dense in energy. Food portion sizes have increased and there is a tendency to eat more. carnal activity levels have gone down and are considered as the major cause of fleshiness in the rec ent years. However, there have been growing concerns of obesity in the UK and consumers have become health conscious. The UK has a high number of immigrants and good habits differ across cultures. Each culture and society has its own congeal patterns of behavior and food preferences and cultures are not pervasive. Globalization has been unable to penetrate these set patterns and converge the food habits. Technological factors Fast food brands are exploitation technology to target kids via games, videos and cartoons on their websites. They thus exploit the legal

Eastern religious traditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eastern religious traditions - Essay ExampleAccordingly, the tradition belief of the Islamic religion is peculiar in numerous ways however, its pillars are fundamental in its description and appreciation. The Islamic tradition reveals that, the God, Allah of the Muslim believers is one, ancient with nothing foregoing Him He is everlasting without end, stable without termination and subsisting without cessation. This explanation intends to explain the strength and respect bestowed to Allah. It is imperative to note that the tradition attributed to the Islamic religion is immensely attributed to the major distinct features of Allah. They include transcendence, bearing and power, knowledge, will, hearing and sight, speech and works. It is realizable that from these distinct features the character traits of Allah are manifested. Some of them include a hearer. He hears His peoples supplication He speaks in various forms much(prenominal) as commanding, threatening promising and forbiddi ng. Moreover, the Quran describes Allah as the source of life and power as He manifests Himself as the Almighty, powerful and all subduing.Who is the Lord and sustainer of the heavens and the earth? Say It is Allah. Say Do ye then take (for worship) protectors other than Him such as involve no power either for untroubled or for harm to themselves? Say Are the blind equal with those who see? Or the depths of darkness equal with Light? Or do they assign to Allah partners who have created (anything) as He has created so that the creation seemed to them similar? Say Allah is the Creator of all things He is the One the Supreme and Irresistible. (Holy Quran Chapter 13 Surah Raad verse 16).It is homely that this tradition of the Islamic religion involves God called Allah. This study reveals that, Allah is the God of the Islamic believers and none rescinds His command nor supplements His decrees. It is notable that His attributes as described do not check

Play And Childrens Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Play And Childrens Development - Research Paper ExampleIn a subject field that measured the rate of video game dramaacting by students compared to their academic performance, video sport or passive gaming was found to have negative effects on the cognitive ability of students. The study reported decreasing interest in academic work due to its strong addictive nature that ties the students mind to much(prenominal) video gaming. According to this study, teachers and policy makers in education have constantly voiced their concerns regarding the detrimental effects of video passive gaming and TV watching. The study found that video gaming was negatively cor partaked to academic performance among college students, with the variation being much higher in male students compared to females. This may be explained by the time sack hypothesis where media consumption takes away most of time that would be used in the intellectually challenging academic activities. Shelving such intellectua l challenging activities therefrom leads to lower cognitive development among such constant passive game players, resulting to lowered cognitive development. Thus as Kantor (259) asserts, sensual or active play would lead to improvement in cognitive development due to the mental activities and body systems involved, all which work to improve healthy development of an individual. Russel and Newton (295) relate passive gaming to the acute increment in obesity cases among teenagers today. According to this study, child obesity increases due to lack of enough time for physical activities, and increase in passive gaming and watching screen content.TV watching and passive gaming are rapidly displacing children physical activities with more teenagers showing increased taste sensation to passive gaming over physical activities. The... The self-efficacy of children becomes critical in social development. Increasing children efficacy can be enhanced through increased self-confidence, whic h is attain when children learn to do things alone. Independence can be developed by ensuring children plan their own games and are supported and not guided in such unstructured games, which improve a childs efficacy. Structured games will, therefore, reduce the learning process in a child compared to unstructured games, which reduces their self-efficacy, and limits their social development. approximately of the plays that children can use freely to express themselves and enhance development are drawing, collages, using paper mache and block games where children arrange blocks to form different patterns. Playing is not only beneficial in developing physical health and abilities but has a great impact on social and psychological attributes in children. To check out the benefits of physical play among children for both psychological and physical health, child play should not be directed. Allowing children to design their games and construct meanings from such games leads to creativ ity and self-drive, which is critical in ensuring cognitive development in children. Therefore, active play in children has to be encouraged and facilitated in any way possible to avoid health complications in obesity and other negative behaviors related to passive gaming. Such an approach in a childs play promotes major psychological, social and physical benefits involved in physical gaming.

Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Judaism - Essay ExampleAlthough Jews resemble Christians in many ways, they argon not confined to pray or worship in one area or room like the Christians. They believe that God dwells among people and not in a specific place. In addition to that, Jews are more independent and do not relate or reference with any different religion like the Christians relate to them. Although the Christians continuously reference to the Jews customs and traditions, Jews have remained independent do not borrow or copy practices from other religions (Valkenberg, 34).In conclusion, it is clear that Christianity and Judaism have a lot of similarities. However, there are also a lot of differences between the two uniquely similar religions. Judaism is both a peoplehood and a religion while Christianity is basically a religion. With this in mind, it is evident that though Christianity and Judaism have a lot of similarities, the differences that exist cannot be settled until the climax of Christ as stated in the Bible and Torah (Valkenberg,

Law Making in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law Making in the UK - Essay Examplesuch(prenominal) things as local byelaws or professional rules are delegated legislation. 3. Devolved parliaments such as the Scottish Parliament backside pass both primary legislation and as well as separate legislation on devolved issues e.g. those that apply particularly to their regions. 4. Precedent. ( page 141) This is a legal term in common law. It refers to a decision made establish upon earlier judgments. The lower courts base their decisions upon principles which have been laid down in high courts. 5. Common Law. ( page 189) This term refers to the substantive rules, i.e. rules about which behaviour is allowed, and adjective rules i.e. how things should be done.. Both of these kind of rules judges create and use in court. Common law alters according to changes in society i.e. what society considers to be deductible or not during a particular period. . 6. European Union law. ( page 225) Laws passed by the European Parliament are valid in the member countries of the European Union. Primary legislation includes laws based upon treaties and agreements between members. Secondary legislation includes such things as directives and guidelines. Also included are judgments made in the European chat up of Human Rights. Question 2 Explain the role of the judiciary in developing common law. Does this role assist with law devising? Common law, other known as case law, is case centred i.e. it depends upon the particular cases that occur. This distinguishes it from statutory law i.e. that detailed in Acts of parliament. I t is judge centred as it is the judiciary, at versatile levels, who make the decisions. Common law develops in a very gradual way depending upon mess i.e. which cases come to court. It is based upon precedent, that is what has preceded it. Where a new case presents the alike(p) situation as an earlier one then the earlier decision will be followed. It is not planned ahead. It is a system used by the Unit ed Kingdom and still in place in many of her former possessions such as Commonwealth countries and the United States of America. The European Court of arbitrator was established under different rules those based upon Roman and German styles of Civil Law, but in practice is basing its decisions more on a case by case style, although based upon earlier decisions it has made i.e. it is building up a common law base to be used by its judiciary when making rulings on particular cases.. Hobhouse is cited as saying ( page 190) that common law must develop as circumstances change and the balance of legal , accessible and economic needs change. Society is in a constant flux and judges need to be able to make decisions based upon the changing circumstances. This can be done by overruling earlier decisions made in a lower court. Lower courts are bound by decisions made in higher courts. Judges are not necessarily required to follow the precedent of earlier rulings. It can be a matter of dis tinguishing pointing out particular circumstances which mean that somewhat different principles might be applied in a certain case mitigating circumstances for instance. The disadvantage of this system is that it only flora for cases that are actually brought before the courts - the courts only rule on these cases not hypothetical ones that might or might not occur. Some would consider this a disadvantage, but at least time is not wasted considering what might have been. The real

Wireless and Mobile Technologies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wireless and Mobile Technologies - Assignment ExampleBasically, one can develop a mobile engineering on mobile engine room on a mobile device or on a computer to develop another mobile technology. For example, WAP is a mobile technology, and so are the mobile applications and SMS and mobile websites etc.These technologies are utilized by organizations in distinct ways so as to reform their efficiency. They are utilized by organizations so as to realize an unprecedented connectivity level between employees, customers, and/or vendors. Employees are able to download applications on their phones that modify them to connect via social media like Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn, or the organization may utilize web-site based applications so as to facilitate for direct communication with their customers in different ways. Real-time communication in very important in realizing occupation benefits, like improved customer service, efficient use of staff time, and a identify of products a nd services delivered (Smyth, et al. 2004).Because of the interactive nature of these technologies, organizations are able to get urgent feedback on products and services from their customers through sharing of information through this medium.Rapid development and business research are some of the results of efficient wireless communication technology. Besides, it offers a competitive advantage to firms in their different industries hence increased productivity and theatrical role of output. In this respect, consumer community is also made to have a feeling of having a direct role in the development of a company.Mobile technology introduced fresh ways of product promotion and advertisements. There are apps incorporated in the mobile phones which enhance peoples awareness on variant goods and services and market trends which effectively offer companies platform to promote diverse brands. Besides, prospective customers are able to read the required information by the man-to-man on his/her mobile phone and it

The effect of advertising on alcohol consumption by young people Essay

The effect of advertising on alcoholic drinkic drink consumption by young tribe - Essay exemplificationThis essay The effect of advertising on alcohol consumption by young people outlines the impact of the alcohol advertisement on the extent of alcohol consumption by young people. Ringold (2008, 139) states that her research test revealed moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages as the norm in the United States. This is similar to the results of the Gallup polls (2004) which hit indicated the same outcome since 1939. The recommendations given by the United States Dietary Guidelines on moderate drinking was consistent with the consumption found in 90% of people who consume alcohol. This is supported by Saad (2005), who states that underage drinking and alcohol abuse have considerably reduced in the last three decades. The per capita consumption of alcohol has continued to decline over the past twenty-five years, states NIAAA (2006). The results of the study by Ringold (2008, 139) reveal that alcoholic beverage advertising does not exert a veridical influence on total consumption or abuse. On the other hand, it models normative drinking behaviour, hence may be a crucial inhibitor of alchohol misuse. tariff efforts sponsored by industry, by government and by nonprofits lead to desired changes, modeling desired drinking behaviours, and may be more beneficial for heavier drinkers. The research study is timely, because of the continued trend of increased expenditure on advertising, undertaken by alcohol manufacturers. This is supported by several studies conducted by governmental agencies.

Leadership Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Assignment - Es pronounce ExampleIf people believe in themselves, its amazing what they can achieve. (Brown, 2007) approximately people are born to lead and Albert Arnold Al dialog box, Jr is one of them History and background Al Gore was born on 31st of March in 1948 and served as the 45th vice president of the U. S. of America under the administration of president bill Clinton. Al battue was the nominee from the Democratic Party in 2000 for the election of the president of United States (Gore and Media, 2006). Al Gore is at present a writer, entrepreneur, and environmental campaigner (Berlet, 1995). He has formerly served as an US elected official for almost 24 years, and he represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives from the year 1977 to 1985, and later he served in the U.S. Senate from the year 1985 to 1993, and then finally he became the Vice President of united states of America in 1993. Even though in the 2000 election campaign, Al Gore won the po pular vote by an amazing 500,000 votes and more. But, he could not stand up and eventually had to lose the Electoral College as well as the election, to Republican George W. Bush and this happened due to the Florida re counting case that Supreme Court control in the favor of GW bush. This has happened only once in the history of United States that Supreme Court has ruled in any president elections. Early Childhood Al bloodshed was born in the hub of US that he was born in the Washington DC it self, he was the second child of Al gore senior who also was a representative in the senate from the state of Tennessee , his mother Pauline al gore graduated from the university of Vanderbilt ( its law school). One of his sisters died young due to lung cancer. The ancestors of al gore were Scottish and Irish who settled in Virginia in the middle of the 17th one C and shifted to Tennessee after the war of revolution. During the year when he went to school he resided with his family in The Fai rfax Hotel located in the Embassy Row section in Washington D.C. Al gore family was also in to cattle and farming, as in summer vacations al gore use to go to Tennessee and help on the family farms which grew tobacco and hay. Al Gore early schooling was from the St. Albans School in Washington, D.C. which was from the year 1956 to year 1965 this school was considered as a reputable feeder school which prepared its students for the Ivy group discussion colleges. Al gore was also into sports as he became the captain of the football team, was also in throw disc team and last but not the least participated in foot ball. He was also interested subject like in arts and government, he graduated and applied for the most prestigious college in the states that is Harvard and also got accepted Al gores political career for the US presidential candidate was a short one Lets say you were dreaming up the ideal stealth applicant for 2008 presidential elections, A Democrat who could be a part of t he Presidential race when the party confronts its doubts well-nigh the lead runners. Mostly the candidate should be some one like Barack Obama that the United States have in recent times. Especially when Iraq was one of the main targets for the US, and to prevent USs sovereignty it was very important to have a man who could deliver what he promised. Also it was very important to have a candidate who was rough and tough and knew how to handle the world through a center

How to the Methods of Calculating Banks Marketing Budget Essay Example for Free

How to the Methods of Calculating Banks Marketing Budget EssayHow to Decide Banks Marketing Budget? Introduction Now a mean solar day under taking trade activities is compulsory and a key to exist in the business environment especially in the financial sector where opposition is unattackable. In Ethiopia there are 16 private commercial deposits and three public owned bevels. in that respect is strong competition among these banks to aspire market dower and earn profit especially for those banks that enter the market recently. In addition according to the National Bank of Ethiopia Directive, all commercial bank have to reach 500 million paid up capital in the coming four years. In order to achieve this amount of capital these banks must convey new share, persuade their existing share holders to fully pay the subscribed amount and retain the earning instead of paying the dividend. These are achieved by undertaking strong marketing campaign.All the banks have marketing b udget and the budget differs based on the surface and depth of their capital. However, determining the size of marketing budget is not an easy task. It is big question often asked by marketers and bank executives. In Ethiopia it is common to see Television program and football events sponsored by commercial banks, ad of banks products and services in any time on electronics and print media especially money transfer adverts during the holiday season, distributing giveaway materials and entertaining their clients.The marketing budget for a bank generally includes expenditures for five different activities Advertising Debub Global Bank, MPPE surgical incisionCompiled by Behaylu WondafrashPromotional activities Sales promotion Marketing research Sales/customer service training and Public relations How a bank allocates its total marketing budget among various marketing activities depends largely on bank size in terms of capital and branch distribution and advertizement cost (productio n and air time cost). Most the Banks in Ethiopia spends about 80% of their total marketing budgets on advertising. The rest activities took 20 percent of the budget. Most banks are currently using sales promotion activity like commercial bank of Ethiopia which let awards for who save 1000 birr and above in any branch of it and promotional activities like sponsoring Ethiopian Great Run and donating to children aid.Advertising took about 80 percent of the budget. This due to the fact that time to time increasing cost of advertising rate and production cost. The lion share of the budget is goes to the Ethiopian intercommunicate and Television Agency and thence to the private FM radio stations especially Fana FM and Sheger FM. Most banks also use print media like newsman and fortune news paper. But how does a bank determine how much it should spend for marketing in general and advertising in particular? There are methods of calculation. Methods of calculation According to author of M arketing Financial Services, there are different ways to calculate a banks marketing budget. Banks use at least four methods to determine what they will spend on marketing in general and on advertising in particularDebub Global Bank, MPPE DepartmentCompiled by Behaylu WondafrashThe region method, The competitive parity method, The incremental method and The objective-and-task method.1. Percentage method the percentage method states banks advertising budget is 1/10th of 1 percent of a banks total assets. This percentage method has several drawbacks or flaws. First, it is based on the banks past performance rather than on objectives for the future. Second, it views assets or deposits as the cause of advertising rather than recognizing that increases in these variables might be, to some extent, the effect of advertising. Third, it discourages aggressive advertising and reduces advertising expenditures in periods of economic slowdown. Research indicates that firms that maintain or incr ease their advertising during periods of recession do better after the recession.2. Competitive parity method this method is also known as follows the leader.A bank determines what its competitors are spending on advertising and simply follows their lead. This method is based on the erroneous assumption that the market responds in the equivalent way to the same volume of birr spent by different banks. It fails to take into account the effects of variations in creativity, different uses of media, the timing of campaigns, and a banks image and recognition take aim in its market area. Furthermore, a banks competitors probably use no more rational a system for determining their advertising expenditures than does the bank that is following their lead.3. incremental Method under this method a bank simply increases its advertising budget by a certain percentage each year. The percentage whitethorn take Debub Global Bank, MPPE DepartmentCompiled by Behaylu Wondafrashinto account the rate of inflation or the growth rate of the bank or it may be rigid by a planner or budgeter whose primary objective is to make the bottom line show a targeted return on assets. Whatever the percentage increase, this method does not take in to account the desired objectives of advertising and the most cost effective ways to attain them.4. Objective-and-task method. Using this method, the bank bases its advertising budget on what it will cost to meet the marketing objectives it had defined. The bank then weighs this cost against the evaluate net benefit of the new business to reassure that the cost of advertising will not reduce the profit margin on the newly acquired deposits or loans beyond acceptable limits. For example, Let us take Debub Global bank (DGB) and assume that a banks goal is to increase its one-year deposit volume by 100 million birr over its expected normal growth during a promotion period. It calculates that the profit margin on those funds (deposits) will be 6 percen t (or 6,000,000 birr). The bank must then decide how much it is willing to invest in advertising in order to generate an extra 6,000,000 birr of income. The selected amount will vary from bank to bank.This method also has its drawbacks. While it works for specific promotions that have immediately measurable results, such as increased deposit or loan volume, it cannot be used to determine the level of advertising necessary to build awareness of the bank and to develop and maintain an image for it. A bank that advertises only when it has a specific promotion to communicate may be out of the media for considerable periods of time. Most marketers agree that some maintenance level of advertising, either product or institutional, is a necessary investment, simply to keep the banks name in front of its publics.

Fast Food versus Homemade Food Essay Example for Free

Fast Food versus Homemade Food EssayOn the other hand, home-made victuals has little attraction than dissipated food. A reason for this is that home-made food needs lots of sentence until it gets ready. For instance, people should wait for several hours in order to have a ready home-made meal. Another reason is that home-made food is less convenient than fast food. For example, you may not kick downstairs all the ingredients you need in one grocery, yet you have to look in several groceries until you find all the ingredients. Home-made food is much healthier than fast food, and therefore, people will enjoy eating their meals without thinking of health problems.In conclusion, both fast food and home-made food have significant divergence in preparation time, convenience and quality. Fast food might be better in saving time and being more convenient, while home-made food might be better in quality. I do believe that home-made food is much better than fast food, because people s health is The questions by Dixit saab 1. Chule Ki Roti is better or bread. 2. Fast Food is better or customs(regular ) food. , are most relevant in todayss context. I privilege regular food but not fast food. Nutritious, hygenenic food is most important. Even in fast food if it is hygenic, nutritious it can be taken. galore(postnominal) a time we are forced to take fast food which is not so hygenic or nutritious ,because of the urgrncy , in place of the meals we take. The regular expenditure of fast foods in place of regular food is not suggestable which may kill apetite and person become weak. Inthe present day stressful jobs the person is devour his physical, mental talents tocope with work schedules. Since body is also a machine we should give necessary inputs through food and required rest so that body functions smoothly. periodical fast food is unaviodable. But one should take care of health by taking healthy food. Health is Wealth.

Isolation, Cloning, and Translation of Plasmid DNA

Isolation, Cloning, and Translation of Plasmid DNAAbstractThe objective of this experiment was to cl genius a kanamycin gene into the MCS of a pUC18 plasmid DNA DNA, and then to transform prison electric cells with the plasmids. Purified pUC18 and pKan plasmid samples were obtained. A 0.7 % agarose gel was prompt, and the wells loaded with the plasmid samples. Restriction endonucleases were utilize to cut a kanamycin underground gene from a pKan plasmid. DNA ligases were used to ligate the kanamycin resistance gene on to the doubled cloning site of the pUC18 plasmid. Escherichia coli (strain DH5) were then modify with plasmids. The strawman of the kanamycin resistance gene in the pUC18 was determined utilise the corroborative (pUC18 excerption) and direct selection manners. The results from the gel image were myopic. Zero colony counts were enter on the kanamycin plates for the indirect selection method. Zero colony counts were recorded on the kanamycin/ carbenicillin plate for the direct selection method. In Conclusion it rout out be said that although the kanamycin gene should have been inserted into the pUC18 plasmid, the results from both selection methods indicate that it wasnt.IntroductionDNA cloning is a process in which a certain piece of DNA is replicated several times 1. This process in essence involves isolating the gene or DNA fragment of interest, and transferring it to another molecular of DNA 1. In order for the cloning process to begin, the DNA of interest has to be cut at precise locations 1. Specific endonucleases are used for this process. afterward which a small molecule of DNA is chosen, that has parapet sites that are complementary to the DNA of interest and is capable of self-replication 1. These small molecules of DNA are called cloning vectors (phages, plasmids, yeast Artificial Chromosomes, or Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes can be used) 1. The two pieces of DNAs (the vector and DNA of interest) can be joined toget her by using a DNA ligase 1. The newly formed composite DNA molecule is called a recombinant DNA 1. The recombinant DNA can then be introduced into a host cell by a process of variety 1. Once alter multiple copies of the host cell can be produced, and in doing so multiple copies of the DNA are also produced 1.Bacterial DNA can carry genes for antibiotic resistance 2. The antibiotic resistance gene can each be on the chromosomes or on other external chromosomal pieces of DNA (e.g. plasmids) 2. The pUC18 is a cloning vector plasmid that contains an ampicillin resistance gene 2. On the other hand the pKan plasmid contains a kanamycin resistance gene 2. The pUC18 plasmids are extremely useful for transformation with an Escherichia coli host cell 2. The pUC18 plasmid lie in of an origin of DNA replication, pBR322 derived ampicillin resistance gene, and a lacZ gene of E.coli 2. The lacZ gene is part of something called the lac operon 1. The lac operon in essence consists of the lacZ, lacY, and lacA genes 1. The combination of the three genes allows the cell to utilize milk sugar 1. When sufficient quantity of lactose is avai science laboratoryle, the cell is able to utilize the lactose by producing the enzyme beta-galactosidase 2. pUC18s lacZ gene contains a collection of different obstruction enzyme recognitions sites 2. This site indoors the lacZ gene is called a Multiple Cloning Site (MCS). The MCS of the pUC18 plasmids can be recognized by a number of different enzymes hence cuts can be made at various different places 2. In gene cloning experiments, X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl,-D-galactoside) is used to indicate the presence of the lacZ gene, and hence indicates whether or not a cell is producing the enzyme beta-galactosidase 23. This indication is given by a blue coloration of the colonies growing on a medium containing X-gal 2. Beta-galactosidase cleaves X-gal into D-galactoside and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole 3. The actual presence of 5-bromo-4-ch loro-3-indole is what causes the colonies to true blue 3.The pKan plasmid contains the kanamycin resistance gene. In this experiment the kanamycin resistance of the pKan plasmid allow for be cloned into the MCS of the pUC18 plasmid 2. This new recombinant DNA go out then be transformed into an E.coli strain DH5 host cell 2. A brief overview of the isolation, cloning and transformation processes are given higher up 2. This process in the end will yield an E. coli strain that is resistance to both ampicillin and kanamycin 2. As mentioned earlier, the multiple cloning sites (MCS) of the pUC18 plasmid is located with its lacZ gene 2. This means that when the kanamycin resistance gene is inserted into the multiple cloning sites, the lacZ gene is disturbed 2. This alters the production of beta-galactosidase 2. thusly the E.coli cells are not able to utilize X-gal on a growth media, producing gaberdine colonies instead of blue 2. The presence of face cloth colonies can be used as an i ndication for interjection of the kanamycin gene in pUC18 plasmid 2. A kanamycin/ampicillin selective media can also be used to make sure that the pUC18 plasmid has the kanamycin gene inserted into it 2.In summary the main objectives of this experiment is to clone a kanamycin gene into the MCS of a pUC18 plasmid, and then to transforms a cell with the plasmids. The hypothesis is that a kanamycin resistance gene will be inserted onto the MCS of the pUC18 plasmid, and as a result the cells will be resistant to both antibiotics.Materials and MethodsThe following materials and methods are taken from Hausner, M., Jong, M. (2010). Experiments in Biotechnology (BLG888 ed.). Toronto Ryerson University. Pg 7-19MaterialsBacterial plasmids, restriction enzymes, solutions and media used Overnight cultures of DH5/ pUC18 and MM294/pKan (5x10mL) were used. DNA solution kit that was used consist of solution 1 (glucose/Tris/EDTA to which lysozymes were added), solution 2 (SDS/NaOH), and solution 3 (KOAc). Enzymes RNAase (5mg/ml) and DNA ligase were used. isopropyl alcohol and ethanol were used. TE fender used contained 10Mm TRIS and 0.1 mM EDTA. Tris borate buffer that was used contained (TBE)(1X)10.8g Tris, 5.5g Boric acid, 10 mM EDTA, and up to century0 ml distilled water. DNA burden dye and Ethidium bromide solution were used. The plasmids pUC18 and pKan were used. The restriction enzymes that were used were BamHI (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H.) and HinDIII (isolated from Haemophilus influenza). 5M ammonium acetate was used. Phenolchloroformisoamyl was used. 50mM EDTA was used. 5 x ligation and restriction buffers were used. TE buffer that was used contained 10Mm Tris, 0.1 Mm EDTA. Cell culture of E. coli strain DH5 was used. 50 ml of LB broth and 3 impotent saline pipeworks. 2 LB plates, 8 LB + carbenicillin (carb), and 3 LB + carbenicillin (carb) + kanamycin (kan) plates were used. X-gal solution was used. 1 plate of LB+ kanamycin (kan).MethodsPreparation of the pla smid DNA pUC18 and pKan plasmid were nimble over a period of three days (three weeks). Two centrifuge supplys with the culture sample were centrifuged for 10 minutes and supernatant discarded. 100l of solution 1 was added followed by 10l of RNase. After 20 minutes solution 2 was added. Five minutes later ice cold solution 3 was added, which was centrifuged 10 minutes later for 10 minutes. 400l of the supernatant was extracted to a clean underpass, to which 400l of isopropanol was then added and was left for 30 minutes at -20oC. The DNA sample was then centrifuged and the pellet speed vac. The dry pellet was re-suspended in 20l of TE buffer. A gel was prepared with accordance to steps in the lab manual. The DNA samples were then loaded on to the wells and the electrophoresis apparatus ran. The gel images were taken to see presence of the pUC18 and pKan plasmids.Endonuclease restriction digestion of the plasmids and ligation of the kanamycin fragment to pUC18 Two centrifuge tubes were prepared from 10l of pUC18 and 10l of pKan plasmids. To each tube restriction buffers, restriction enzymes and unfruitful water were added (refer to the lab manual for details). The prepared tubes were centrifuged and left in a water bath. 5l of EDTA was added to each tube. 100l of TE buffer and Phenolchloroformisoamyl were added. The tubes were then pulse centrifuged and top layer remove and transferred to new tubes (A1 and B1). 100l of Phenolchloroformisoamyl was added, top layer upstage and transferred to new tubes again (A2 and B2). Ammonium acetate and ethanol were added to tubes A2 and B2. The tubes were centrifuged, supernatant discarded, pellet speed vacuumed, and finally re-suspended in TE buffer. thermionic vacuum tube C and D were prepared with accordance to the lab manual. The new tubes were then centrifuged and incubated.Transformation of an ampicillin sensitive E.coli Strain The first five steps to prepare the cell culture of DH5 for transformation were done by the lab staff. Details on the steps can be found in the lab manual. Four centrifuge tubes were prepared. Tube 1 contained uncut DNA plasmids, tube 2 contained DNA sample from tube C, tube 3 contained DNA sample from tube D, and tube 4 contained unfruitful water. The pre-prepared cells were then added to the tubes and heat shocked. LB broth was added to each tube and incubated for 20 minutes.X gal was spread evenly on the 8 LB+ carb plates. 100l from tubes 1, 2, and 4 were spread on 3 of the LB+carb+X-gal plates. 100l from tube three was then plated on the remaining five LB+carb+X-gal plates. Tube 3 was also plated on to 3 LB+carb+kan plate. A dilution series (using 0.1l from the previous) was prepared from tube 3 using 3 sterile saline tubes. 10 l from dilution 2 and 100 l from dilution 3 were spread plated onto 2 LB plates. Colonies from each plate were counted. dingy and white colonies from tube 3 plates were then streaked on to a LB+Kan plate. Results from the LB+Kan plates wer e then recorded.Additional details can be found in the lab manual Hausner, M., Jong, M. (2010). Experiments in Biotechnology (BLG888 ed.). Toronto Ryerson UniversityResultsFigure 1 0.7 % agarose gel digest showing the presence of the pUC18 and pKan plasmids. Lane 3 and 2 were used by Abbas and Jamie.The construe above shows the 0.7% agarose gel image showing the presence of pUC18 and pKan plasmids. If banes appeared in the respective lanes, the plasmid samples would be used in the next part of the experiment. The image above shows bands appearing for lane 3 (pKan), solely none for lane 2 (pUC18). This indicates the presence of the pKan plasmid but absences of the pUC18 plasmid. Hence due to inadequate results, additional plasmid sample were prepared by the lab staff.In natural results from all 14 plates were recorded.Indirect MethodTable 1 Results for colony counts for the indirect (pUC18) selection method on LB+ carb+ X-gal platesPlate 1Plate 2Plate 3Plate 4Plate 5Tube 1TMTC-Blu eN/ATube 25-BlueTube 40Tube 340 Blue/ 5 White55 Blue/ 15 White79 Blue/ 22 White65 Blue/ 3 White54 Blue/ 12 WhiteThe results for tube 1, 2, 3, and 4 plated on the 8 LB+ carb+ X-gal plates are sh profess above. Tube 1 contained an uncut plasmid which explained the high number of colonies for plate 1. Tube 2 contained a cut pUC18 plasmid, which can be explained by only 5 colonies. Tube 4 contained only sterile water hence zero colonies appeared on the plates. Tube 3 was plated on 5 plates, showing an fair of 59 blue colonies and 11 white colonies.Direct MethodNo colonies were obtained from the three plates of LB + carb + kan plates. workmanlike Cell and Percentage Transformation CalculationThe dilution series was prepared from tube 3, as indicated in the materials and methods section. Dilution 2 had a 100 colonies and dilution 3 had 30 colonies. The CFU (colony forming unit) calculations and value are shown below.CFU = ( of colonies) x (dilution factor) / (volume plated)CFU for diluti on 2 = 100 x 104/ 0.1 = 10000000 cells/mlCFU for dilution 3 cant be calculated because it doesnt fall between the 30-300 colony limit.Table 2 Percentage transformation of colonies using competent cells (CFU)Plate 1Plate 2Plate 3Plate 4Plate 5 reasonablePercentage TransformationFor total colonies (%)(45)0.0045(70)0.007(101)0.0101(68)0.0068(66)0.0066(70)0.0070In order to calculate percentage transformation, calculations from CFU are need. Percentage transformation can be calculated using the total colonies (i.e.. plate 1 40 blue+5 white =45 total).Percentage Transformation = (Transformed cells per ml /competent cells (CFU) )x 100%So for example for the average of 70 total colonies =0.007%DiscussionAs mentioned in the result section the agarose gel image was inadequate. Lane 2 and 3 in figure 1 represent the pUC18 and pKan plasmids respectively. Clear bands were seen for the pKan plasmid however this is not the case for the pUC18 plasmid. In order for the plasmids to show up, they had to be extracted from their respective E. coli strains(pUC18 (DH5) and pKan (MM294). The presence of bands on the pKan lane proves that in that location is actual extraction from the cells. The presence of multiple bands could indicate the presence of multiple size plasmids of pKan. The fact that no bands were seen for pUC18 could be as a consequence of inadequate extraction from the E. coli cells (DH5). Experimental procedural error could have resulted in this. Both strains of microbes would have been genetically engineered to only contain the plasmid of interest hence the take chances of contamination is reduced. The selection methods for the experiments were divided into indirect (pUC18 selection) and direct selection methods.As mentioned in the materials and method section, cells from tube 1 were streaked on to a plate. The cells were transformed with undigested pUC18 plasmids. The colonies were too many to count and were all blue. The high number of colonies could simply occur because of the stable natural of the undigested pUC18 plasmid. The undigested pUC18 plasmids contain an ceaseless lacZ gene, capable of producing beta-galactosidase. Beta-galactosidase is hence able to utilize X-gal on the plates and produce the large number of blue colonies. Since the cells were carbenicillin resistance (due to the pUC18 plasmids), they were able to grow on the plates. Cells were transformed with digested pUC18 plasmids from tube 2. Cells from tube 2 formed too few colonies (only 5) when compared to tube 1 (TMTC). This is due to the unstable nature of the digested pUC18 plasmids. These plasmids were digested with HinDIII and BamHI, and it possible that not all of them had an opportunity to re-ligate properly. The restriction enzymes could have cut up the lacZ gene or the carbenicillin (ampicillin) gene making it difficult for the plasmid to come back to its original conformation and survive on the X-gal+carb plate. A large majority of the pUC18 could have been cu t in to smaller fragments rendering then inactive. Tube 3 initially contained the digested pUC18 and pKan plasmids. Cells were then transformed with the gist of this tube. Since the transformation process is not perfect, there is no way to know what plasmid the cell took up. Hence it can be assumed that cells were transformed with either only the pUC18 plasmids, the pUC18 plasmids with the kanamycin gene, pKan and Puc18 or in some case only the pKan plasmid. Five plates were spread plated with these cells and presence of blue and white colonies were noted. As the results indicate a mixture of both blue and white colonies were obtained with an average of about 59 blue colonies and 11 white colonies. Blue colonies would hypothetically contain cells (plasmids) with an intact lacZ (producing beta-galactosidase) gene justifying the blue color. The white colonies would have there lacZ gene disturbed (not producing beta-galactosidase), because another piece of DNA would have been inserted into the MCS. However the production of white colonies doesnt dictate the entry of the kanamycin gene into the pUC18 plasmids. It is highly possible that another gene or DNA fragments from the pKan plasmid got inserted in the pUC18 plasmids. Confirmation of this was performed by streaking white colonies onto a kanamycin plate. The fact that no colonies grew, indicated that the kanamycin gene was in fact not inserted. This proves that the results are false positive because white colonies appeared on the X gal plates, but didnt on the kanamycin plates. This means that the white colonies werent transformed with what we wanted. Finally it is noted that when tube 4 was streaked on to a plate, no growth occurred. This seems consistent as the cells in this tube were only transformed with sterile water, which means no plasmids were present. The cells would not have contained plasmids with the carbenicillin resistance gene, and hence did not survive on the carbenicillin plates.The direct method results were recorded from the LB + carb + kan plates. No growth was observed in any of the plate, which proved to be highly contradictory to our hypothesis. Presence of white colonies on the indirect method plates but none on the direct method plates was suprising. White colonies were assumed to have pUC18 plasmids with both kanamycin and carbenicillin resistance genes. Hence its inability to grow on the carb + kan plates was surprising because white colonies grew on the X-gal plates. However as mentioned earlier it could be possible that another fragment of DNA was inserted into MCS to a fault the kanamycin gene. The fact that white colonies also didnt appear when they were streaked on to a kanamycin plate, ties in with these results.Both direct and indirect methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. Indirect method involves multiple steps and hence in many cases can be time consuming. More plates are involved in the indirect methods, making it difficult to keep track sometimes, also adding to cost. However the indirect method helps to indentify the false positive/false negative results. The indirect selection method helps to make a comparison between the cut and uncut pUC18 plasmids. Comparison of the colonies shows the effect of restriction enzymes of the activity of the pUC18 plasmids. Moreover the indirect method is much more than selective. This is because it first shows which colonies have an insertion in the multiple cloning site through the blue/white screening method. Then the plating of these white colonies on to a kanamycin plate helps to confirm that it was a kanamycin resistance gene that was actually inserted (on the MCS). The direct method is very concise involving only one plate, which save both time and money. This selection method has no chance of giving false negative/false positive results. The direct selection method selects for cells that have been transformed with pUC18 plasmids, and have a kanamycin resistance gene in their MCS. Since the pUC18 plasmid already has an ampicillin resistance gene (carbenicillin in this case), the insertion of kanamycin resistance gene allows it to survive on a LB+carb+kan plate. A problem comes when the plasmids dont have the necessary gene inserted in their MCS. So in this case for example it could be possible that the plasmid doesnt contain the kanamycin gene so the kanamycin antibody kills it, even though the carbenicillin resistance gene is there. other technicality comes when a cell transformed contains both pUC18 and pKan at the same time. Because this selection method only selects for cells that have both carbenicillin and kanamycin resistance, it is difficult to report whether the cell selected has both plasmids (pUC18 and pKan) or only a pUC18 (with the kanamycin gene). Therefore although more time consuming the indirect method is more useful.Some of the data-based errors that occurred could have been due to improper spreading techniques. The process o f cell transformation that was used was through heat shock. It could be possible to use other cell transformation technique such as electroporation.In Conclusion it can be said that although the kanamycin gene should have been inserted into the pUC18 plasmid, the results indicate that it wasnt.

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engineering Essay

Anti Jerk harbour Of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engineering hearThe report details the polish up do in the argona of anti-jerk check come forth of fomites. It explains the phenomenon of snubline rounds excited out-of-pocket to torsion of wedgeline at high locomotive engine tortuositys causing undesirable longitudinal oscillations in vehicle body.Report starts with a broad introduction to the discipline and lays down the aims and objectives of the research compute.The aims and objectives of the project argon to rule an lively feedback command for an galvanic caralal drive of a hybrid electric vehicle to damp these undesirable oscillations.A summary critical review of previous research twist do in this area is certifyed which defines the starting point of the project. assorted techniques utilize for anti-jerk checker in formal vehicle are discussed. Basic approach to ideal run aground control design is presented in the report. An introduction to hybrid electric vehicle driveline and description of its components different from conventional vehicle is shown.The report in any case lays down the mathematical function of the work to be followed for the research project with a project plan.INTRODUCTIONThe increasing pressure of protecting the natural environment and to decrease the dependence on non-renewable sources of energy has encouraged vehicle manufacturers to develop more clean and competent power systems. As a result Hybrid vehicles are hot topic for research among vehicle manufacturers. Efforts are being do to make the vehicles more fuel efficient with high performance and minimum CO2 emissions. Diesel hybrids are considered as next big thing among ecological designs since diesel engines are 20 % 30% more fuel efficient than their gas pedal counter split.Nowadays noise, thrill and harshness (NVH) issues seduce become more important for a customer such that there are precise stringent requirements for noise or shakin g in a vehicle. Driveability of a vehicle is majorly impacted by NVH problems and is strongly felt as vehicles performance during various manoeuvres such as acceleration, braking, gear flip-flop etc. Thus vehicle manufacturers and OEMs have realized the importance of NVH issues and target to identify the root cause of shaking and compound the correcting measures at early stages of manufacturing with a main goal to refine the ride and driveability of a vehicle.These days efforts are being made to increase the performance of vehicles and to make them more fuel efficient by using different techniques and one of the techniques is electrification of various systems in a vehicle. Electronic power assist steering system, electric prompt roll control, electronic differential, brake by wire are some of the examples of electrification of vehicle systems. This kind of methodology becomes more evident in case of hybrid electric vehicles where electric power components including power elect ronics are integral part of the powertrain. It has been observed that using these electrification techniques not further helps in increasing the performance of the vehicle but alike makes them more fuel efficient. Thus the electrification in a diesel hybrid powertrain to improve the driveability of vehicle forms the main platform for this research project.Problem Statement unity of the major NVH issues in automobiles is torsional vibrations of driveline. The torsion of drivetrain at high engine torques causes oscillations in driveline. These oscillations are generally excited by various sources such as press forwardy or sudden load/torque change, gear change and unevenness of road surface. These oscillations cause longitudinal acceleration in vehicle structure and passenger compartment of the vehicle, which reduces the comfort and driveability of the vehicle and are experienced as unwanted jerk by the driver and passengers. These font of driveline oscillations are termed as Je rking, which is the main focus of this research.The high engine torques at low engine speeds makes this phenomenon more common in modern diesel engines. A sudden/abrupt pressing or purgative of accelerator pedal by the driver causing a rapid increase or decrease in engine torque called as tip-in and tip-out respectively, which gives scratch to oscillations between frequency frame of 2 10 HZ. To reduce these oscillations and to increase the comfort and improve the driveability of vehicle some kind of anti-jerk control is required. In conventional diesel engine vehicles, active control of engine fuelling and drivers torque demands and passive utilization of mechanical isolators such as dual concourse fly pedal (DMF) are utilize to permit feed forward active and passive damping of these oscillations.Aims and ObjectivesThe aims of the research project are to investigate the phenomenon of anserine in a diesel hybrid electric vehicle and to electrify the anti-jerk control using the electric motor of hybrid vehicle to damp these oscillations. The aims of the project would be realized through following objectivesA feed forward approach in poseing the vehicle driveline to investigate driveline goosey using SIMULATION-X. The response of vehicle during tip-in, tip-out, idle and coast conditions would be studied.To design an active feedback control for electric motor of the hybrid vehicle to permit active damping of the investigated driveline oscillations.To analyse its opinions on fuel consumption, comfort and sportiness of the vehicle and semblance with conventional anti-jerk control methods.To study the impact of passive damping of these oscillations using DMF in the driveline.Due to the diverse nature of the project the work has been divided between cardinal students. It was decided that deterrent exampleling of the driveline result be done by Pavan Mukkamala and Kamal Shamnani forget take care of control design part of the project.Report OverviewAs it great deal be seen before, the report begins with the introduction to the current scenario of hybrid vehicles, driveability and electrification of vehicle systems. Then problem statement was defined followed by aims and objectives.The next chapter would summarize the undertaken review to understand the research work beginning with analyses of jerking. The literature review also serves as the basis to provide the expected response characteristics. It also explains the different control methods use on a conventional diesel engine vehicle.Chapter 3 lays down the outline of the procedure to be followed for the research project along with project plan. Conclusions establish the literature review have been made in chapter 4.LITERATURE REVIEWDriveline OscillationsDifferent type of powertrain configurations (front hustle drive or rear roll up drive), engine type and energising response, engine torque at different engine speeds and vehicle mass excites different kind of oscillations in v ehicle driveline. These oscillations have been summarized below 1Torsion of shaft causes jerking and pitching type oscillations in the driveline. Jerking then causes longitudinal acceleration of car body in a frequency range of 2 5 Hz. The pitch motion frequency is about 1 2.5 Hz.Engine movement and engine mount characteristic excites oscillations in a frequency range of 15 200 Hz. Gear box housing cause oscillations in the frequency range between 50 and 80 Hz.Combustion process, movement of pistons inside the cylinder and engine speed causes oscillations depending upon type of engine, number of cylinders and engine speed. Inline-four cylinder engine types engine exhibit rangy cyclical fluctuations of torque at idle speed.Driveline Jerking in a Diesel Engine VehicleThe fast response and high torque of modern at once injection diesel engines results in sharp and large changes in driveline torque. Moreover smaller and more powerful modern diesel engines with reduced flywheel ina ctivenesss and reduced mass of powertrain components reduce the initial response to transient throttle demands by the driver. But on the other hand double-quick response and large changes in driveline torque make them more susceptible towards generation of driveline oscillations. These types of oscillations are commonly referred as driveline jerking, surging, driveline shuffle, driveline judder, jerk oscillations or bonanza effect. 2, 3 and 4.These oscillations are generally excited due to the torsional vibrations of driveline when accompanied with sudden torque change. The sudden driveline torque change rear end be described as tip-in and tip-out manoeuvres. The tip-in and tip-out behaviour are described in figure-1 as a step input and after some seconds a step back to zero 2. The tip-in and tip-out behaviour causes oscillations to engine speed. The difference between engine speed and wheel speed is generally utilise to describe the torsional oscillations of driveline shown as torsional speed in figure-2-1. These oscillations are transmitted to the vehicle body from wheel and tire and cause oscillations in vehicle longitudinal acceleration. The oscillations in longitudinal acceleration of vehicle body are shown in figure-2-2. The acceleration of vehicle body oscillates between the frequency range of 2 and 5 Hz. The observed frequency of oscillation is dominated by drivelines first natural frequency. This frequency lies between the resonance frequencies of various sensitive world body parts such as shoulders (4 6 Hz), stomach (4- 8 Hz) and trunk (3 6 Hz) 5. So, these different body parts may resonate due to this jerking and hence very unpleasant for drivers and passengers. work 2 Effect of Tip-in and Tip-out on Engine and wheel speed 2Figure 2 Body acceleration during Tip-in and Tip-out 2.The phenomenon of jerking is more common where the manual clutch is not present, as a human driver uses manual clutch to reduce these vibrations. Whereas in robotli ke clutch units the design philosophy is to reduce the clutch engagement and disengagement snip to prevail smooth torque transfer which gives rise to driveline oscillations.These oscillations differ at different gear ratios. It has been shown that oscillation frequency increases shifting from first gear to higher gears due to change in damping co-efficient associated with each gear and reflected engine inertia 6. Generally driveline shuffle is also associated with phenomenon of clonk or gear rattle. Clonk is basically a noise which is a by-product of backlash present in gears. Backlash is allowed to integrate operating clearances and manufacturing tolerances. The clonk rouse be reduced by increasing the driveline compliance but side effect of increasing compliance is the increased driveline oscillations hence jerking.Anti-Jerk figure of Conventional VehiclesThe main parameters which govern the severity of jerking response of vehicle jackpot be termed as engine torque rise rate and driveline compliance. Anti-jerk control acts as the balance between comfort and sportiness of the vehicle. The reduction in driveline oscillations is possible by controlling the engine torque rise rate, which after part be done by smoothening of drivers torque demands. In a conventional diesel engine vehicle it is done by electronic fuelling control and in a petrol engine vehicle it is done by using spark advance and electronic throttle control. Various manufacturers use the filtering of drivers torque request but this becomes of no use when oscillations are excited by ground roughness.In practice, anti-jerk restraint parameters are experimentally optimized to combine comfort and sportiness of the vehicle 2. The parameters are tuned and accessed, to include non-linearities present in the system, by using various test-runs to find optimal control parameters. All these parameters are stored in form of different maps and relationship between different engine parameters which are then used to obtain a feed-forward controller for the vehicle.The reductions in driveline oscillations in conventional drivetrain are possible by various active and passive methods. These includeOptimizing driveline parameters such as compliance of clutch, driveshaft and transmission, gear ratios and inertia of driveline components.Passive reduction of oscillations by adding damping to the system.Active control of engine torque.Model ground Anti-Jerk ControlIn past these parameters were obtained by using trial and error methods which may not be fully optimized and this strategy takes a lot of age depending upon the knowledge of automotive engineer 2. These days as explained above that optimal anti-jerk control parameters are obtained experimentally by systematic and standardized computer back up test runs. This procedure still relies on time-consuming test runs. Whereas use of simulation can help in analytical assessment of a large number of performance, driveability and comfort parameters with reduced costs and less risk of testing. air can determine highly optimized and true system parameters out of which only few parameters are required to be checked by real tests which save a lot of testing time. Due to this a lot of emphasis is assumption on use of simulation to obtain the optimal controller parameters and also if possible integration of model based controller in the vehicle is also being considered. A review of model based controller design approach is shown below.Modelling techniquesDriveline of a conventional diesel engine vehicle is made up of an internal combustion engine which is connected to a gearbox through clutch whose rig is connected to driveshafts which transmits torque to the wheels. In model based controller design gray-box approach is used to model the drivetrain. According to which driveline can be modelled as lumped parameter model which is made up of rotating bodies with lumped inertias, compliances, damping losses, input torque and load torque through environmental forces 6. Even a complete linear state space model based upon this comparatively simple chemise of driveline is of 14th order which is very complex and requires very extensive computational resources to run on a real time engine ECU and is therefore very expensive and cannot be implemented for mass production 4. Structure of a complex rear wheel drivetrain is shown in figure -3 4.Figure 2 A rear wheel drive vehicle driveline structure 4Thus it is required to define a reliable and low order linear representation of boilers suit driveline kinetics. Since the purpose of anti-jerk controller is to damp the oscillations at drivelines first resonance mode, some approximations can be made to reduce the model complexity. To simplify the model it can be assumed that driveline oscillations at first resonance mode are caused due to torsion of drive shafts which can be explained as they are subjected to relatively highest torque since the torque from en gine is amplified by the transmission and terminal drive 1, 7. Clutch due to its higher stiffness can be considered as not contributing to first resonance mode. All these assumptions can be justified by measurements 1, 7. This reduces the driveline model to a 2nd, 5th or 7th order depending upon the type of drive configuration and flywheel.For a reliable and accurate design of a model-based controller identification of model parameters is done on basis of measurement data. To incorporate the non-linearities present in driveline the set of parameters depending upon engine speed can be stored in form of look-up tables resulting in time-variant model which is more accurate and reliable 1, 7. Different techniques such as least square optimization and extended kalman-filter can be used to optimize the non-linearities present in the system to reduce the error. The model can be validated by comparing the simulation results with real behaviour of the car.Controller DesignIn a model based anti-jerk controller design the controller is used in a feedback path. Here also different methodologies have been used to design the control strategy. One of them is to use the model to obtain the controller parameters. Thus in this case model based controller design approach is used to assist the engineer and to save time on testing 2. This type of control topology is shown in figure 2-4 2.Figure 2 Model based designed controller structure 2In this type of control architecture a two step procedure is used to damp the driveline oscillations first the requested driveline torque Tin is filtered to prevent jerking generation and then the feed-back controller minimizes the jerking further. State of the vehicle can be the feedback to the controller which can be engine speed, wheel speed, and vehicle speed etc, based on which variable controller parameters will be chosen from predefined maps. Advantage of this type of control structure is that it can be used to plant for the disturbanc es from the ground roughness. The other advantage of this type of control strategy is that it requires only controller variable parameters to be stored in the ECU of the engine which will be extracted by two performance criteria i.e. sportiness of vehicle demanded by the driver and level of comfort required through no longitudinal oscillations 2. The disadvantage of this type of controller is that it take to store different parameter values for different gears and operating points which require the experience and knowledge of automotive engineer to adjust parameter maps. Also it may require some feedback of vehicle states from the vehicle which may be difficult to measure in a vehicle. Also the adjusted parameters values for comfort and sportiness will depend upon the subjective preferences of the engineer. A field of research in this case is the invention of tuneable factor between sportiness and comfort which enables customers to tune their car to their requirement 2.another(pren ominal) approach in model based controller design is the predictive approach i.e. a reduced model of vehicle drivetrain will be include in vehicle ECU which will reproduce the occurrence of jerking before its actual occurrence and output of which is used as controller input which will then avoid jerking before its occurrence 1 , 7 and 4.Figure 2 Model based predictive control structure 1The dead time or the time delay due to engine combustion events is separated from dynamics of process and modelled separately at the end of model which makes the response of the model faster than actual vehicle 1, 7 hence enables the accurate reproduction of oscillations before their occurrence. Structure of a predictive model based controller is shown in figure 2-5 1. These types of controllers are generally equipped with an observer which incorporates the external disturbances such as ground surface roughness and compensates the model inaccuracies by including a feedback between model output and ac tual process output 1 and 7. The response of observer is faster than that of the process to make the steady state error zero after a short period of time due to this its design is done separately and values for different engine speeds and demanded torques are stored in form of look up tables. beginning locus method is used for designing these kind of controllers. An advantage of using this type of controller is that less dependence on automotive engineer to adjust parameter maps. However an appropriate compromise between comfort and sportiness needs to be defined. One of the ways to increase sportiness is to deliberately delay the activation of controller until initial vehicle acceleration. This type of method can give the user an option of different modes for example, sporty, everyday and comfort by changing the controller values 4. It can also predict system states which are difficult to measure on a real vehicle hence a more accurate system response can be obtained. At the same time this type of controller can be very expensive as it requires probatory computational resources added on to vehicle driveline ECU.Hybrid Vehicle DrivelineA hybrid vehicle is a vehicle in which powertrain has more than one source of power, a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has an internal combustion engine and an electric machine/motor. HEVs powertrain can be classified as serial publication or latitude hybrid systems. A series hybrid system is one in which electric motor provides all the torque required for vehicle propulsion whereas a parallel hybrid system allows torque input from either internal combustion engine or electric motor or from both. Hybrid electric vehicles are the most important topic of research for the past few years.A series hybrid vehicle driveline does not have a bet mechanical link between the engine and driveline. It is connected to a generator which in turn provides electric supply to power electronics. The electric machine/motor is connected generally through a single speed gearbox, final drive and drive shafts to wheels. Thus driveline oscillations in a series hybrid vehicle will be present, similar to a conventional vehicle. The main difference will be because of propulsion mechanism which is an electric motor. Regarding the anti-jerk control for a series hybrid vehicle, it can be done by active control of electric motor torque. It has been explained in a publication by Borodani and Ambrosio 3 in which an active robust control algorithm based on the H control technique was designed for a Fiat Bravo 1600 cc for electric only mode.In a parallel hybrid vehicle driveline both engine and motor are mechanically connected to the wheels through clutch, an automatic gearbox and drive shafts. The vibration modes of parallel hybrid driveline are similar to a conventional vehicle. A similar strategy can be used to minimize the jerking as used for conventional vehicles in engine only mode. Whereas an active control of electric motor torque can also be used to prevent jerking. As there is not enough evidence of work done regarding the investigation of jerking and development of anti-jerk control for hybrid vehicles, this will be a topic of this research.Figure 2 Block diagram of hybrid drivetrain to be usedElectric motor in a hybrid vehicle driveline gives an opportunity to electrify the anti-jerk control which then can be compared with conventional methods of anti-jerk control for fuel consumption, degree of comfort and sportiness of the vehicle. A parallel four wheel driven diesel hybrid electric driveline with dual mass flywheel (DMF) of a sport utility vehicle will be used to investigate the driveline oscillation and then to design an active feedback control for electric motor to damp these oscillations. Vehicle drive configuration can be changed to front wheel drive by unlocking the central coupler. The effect electric real axle drive (ERAD) will not be considered for anti-jerk control design. The driveline is sho wn in figure 2-6. Some important components of driveline and their effect are explained belowIntegrated Starter Generator (ISG)As name suggests ISG replaces both conventional starter and alternator/generator to a single electronically controlled device. An ISG can convert electric energy to mechanical energy to start an engine and also mechanical energy to electrical energy to power all electrical systems in a vehicle such as lights, air conditioning etc and to charge battery. An ISG serves three important functions start-stop, electricity generation and power assistance 8. It allows engine start-stop functionality to save fuel instead of idling when vehicle is not in motion. ISG generates electricity from spinning crankshaft of vehicle to charge the battery. In a hybrid vehicle an ISG can provide power assist to the engine during the boost-mode. Although it cannot propel a vehicle on its own but it can assist the engine and can be used to store energy while regenerative braking. T he ISG is generally used in mild hybrids. An ISG can provide retarding force on crankshaft to generate electricity during braking this feature of ISG can be used for anti-jerk control. duple Mass FlywheelA dual mass flywheel DMF consists of two rotating flywheels primary and secondary connected by long travel arc-springs 7. Figure -7 shows the structure of a basic DMF 4. A DMF can be used to mechanically isolate the driveline oscillations arising from high speed engine oscillations by decoupling the transmission from engine. It filters out the engine irregularities completely. Due to the smooth operation of secondary flywheel and transmission input shaft gear rattle is significantly reduced. DMF can provide good vibration isolation at low engine speeds which in turn reduces the fuel consumption of a vehicle. Due to its excellent vibration isolation and damping attributes, DMF today is found in many vehicle drivelines including low budget cars 4. But despite of its advantaged DMF inc reases the system complexity. DMF is basically a spring damper unit having highly non-linear characteristics. It can temporarily store energy due to which it applies a reaction torque on internal combustion engine and alters the engine speed signal which is used by ECU. It increases the probability of undesirable side effects such as jerking.Figure 2 Dual Mass flywheel structure 4PROCEDUREProcedure of workDriveline vibration is mainly a problem of engine torque profile and compliances of components in the driveline. To study the effect of jerking in hybrid vehicles a model of driveline with all system complexities will be developed using a SIMULATION-X. The simulation-X model will be a complex model replicating the complete dynamic behaviour of the vehicle. As the frequency range of interest is 2-5 Hz, drivelines first natural frequency the model will be reduced according to a final model to be implemented for the design on controller which can accurately predict the oscillations in the desired frequency range.An active feed-back control for electric motor torque and for engine fuelling control will be designed by implementing the reduced model in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Then both controllers will be implemented in the actual complex model in SIMULATION-X to observe the system performance in terms of fuel consumption, level of comfort and sportiness.Simulation toolSimulation-XSimulation-X has been chosen to investigate the phenomenon of jerking for the project due to its very user friendly graphical user interface. This interface provides a very original and efficient lumped parameter modelling approach for modelling dynamic systems. It can model various physical systems (i.e. Electronics, Mechanics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Thermal etc) with much ease. It also allows for the signal and equating based modelling ideal for control systems. Another important feature of Simulation-X is the ease of parameterization i.e. it is very easy to define the system complexities an d parameters depending upon the requirement. It has numerous possibilities for visualization, analysis and transcription a large number of results associated with each element of a model. It is very beneficial for modal analysis as it can easily extract the dynamics of system by showing the modes of vibrations and the cause of these resonance modes. This feature is very handy and useful for this research project as it can be used to differentiate between the causes of oscillations in the driveline and thereby helping to reduce the model for the desired frequency range.Project PlanCONCLUSIONSOn the basis of literature review it can be stated that the high change in engine or load torque excites oscillations in vehicle driveline, known as jerking causing horizontal acceleration in vehicle body. The frequency of jerking lies in resonance frequency range of various sensitive body parts as a result it is entirely undesirable by the drivers. Comfort and driveability issues raise the need for anti-jerk control.There has not been enough work done on anti-jerk control for hybrid electric vehicles since not many hybrid electric vehicles are available in market. Other than the conventional methods, electrification of anti-jerk control can be done in a hybrid electric vehicle which will be the main aim of the research project.A model based controller design approach can be regarded as efficient and reliable. It can assist an automotive engineer in deciding control parameters for the controller, also it can be implemented directly to vehicle for anti-jerk control by reducing the order of driveline model.Driveline oscillations can also be damped using passive damping methods such as using DMF which will be studied as a part of research project.REFERENCES1 Kiencke, U. and Nielsen, L. (2005), Automotive Control Systems for Engine, Driveline and Vehicle, Springer, Berlin, Germany.2 Grotjahn, M., Quernheim, L. and Zemke, S. (2006), Modeling Identification of car driveline dy namics for anti jerk controller design, ICM 2006 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics , 1-4244-9713-4/06.3 Borodani, P. and Ambrosio, C. (2002), Robust control of active damping of a hybrid vehicle driveline shuffle, MED2002 Conference.4 Walter, A. Kiencke, U., Jones, S. and Winkler, T. (2008), Anti-Jerk Idle Speed Control with Integrated Sub-Harmonic Vibration Compensation for vehicles with Dual Mass Flywheels, SAE International Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Congress Shanghai, China, 2008-01-1737.5 McDevitt, I. (2005), Torsional Vibrations of Vehicle Driveline, atomic number 62 Thesis, Automotive Product Engineering, Cranfield University.6 Lee, H.C. (2006), Driveline vibration control of electric vehicle, MSc Thesis, Automotive Product Engineering, Cranfield University.7 Baumann, J., Torkzadeh, D., Ramstein, A., Kiencke, U. and Schlegl, T. (2005), Model-based Predictive Anti-Jerk Control, Control Engineering Practice 14 (2006) 259-266.8 Viorel, I., Szabo, L., Lowenstein, L. and Stet, C (2004), Integrated Starter-Generators for Automotive Applications, Acta Electrotehnica, Volume 45 Number 3 2004.9 Reik, W., Seebacher, R. and Kooy, A. (1998), Dual Mass Fly-wheel.