How to the Methods of Calculating Banks Marketing Budget Essay Example for Free

How to the Methods of Calculating Banks Marketing Budget EssayHow to Decide Banks Marketing Budget? Introduction Now a mean solar day under taking trade activities is compulsory and a key to exist in the business environment especially in the financial sector where opposition is unattackable. In Ethiopia there are 16 private commercial deposits and three public owned bevels. in that respect is strong competition among these banks to aspire market dower and earn profit especially for those banks that enter the market recently. In addition according to the National Bank of Ethiopia Directive, all commercial bank have to reach 500 million paid up capital in the coming four years. In order to achieve this amount of capital these banks must convey new share, persuade their existing share holders to fully pay the subscribed amount and retain the earning instead of paying the dividend. These are achieved by undertaking strong marketing campaign.All the banks have marketing b udget and the budget differs based on the surface and depth of their capital. However, determining the size of marketing budget is not an easy task. It is big question often asked by marketers and bank executives. In Ethiopia it is common to see Television program and football events sponsored by commercial banks, ad of banks products and services in any time on electronics and print media especially money transfer adverts during the holiday season, distributing giveaway materials and entertaining their clients.The marketing budget for a bank generally includes expenditures for five different activities Advertising Debub Global Bank, MPPE surgical incisionCompiled by Behaylu WondafrashPromotional activities Sales promotion Marketing research Sales/customer service training and Public relations How a bank allocates its total marketing budget among various marketing activities depends largely on bank size in terms of capital and branch distribution and advertizement cost (productio n and air time cost). Most the Banks in Ethiopia spends about 80% of their total marketing budgets on advertising. The rest activities took 20 percent of the budget. Most banks are currently using sales promotion activity like commercial bank of Ethiopia which let awards for who save 1000 birr and above in any branch of it and promotional activities like sponsoring Ethiopian Great Run and donating to children aid.Advertising took about 80 percent of the budget. This due to the fact that time to time increasing cost of advertising rate and production cost. The lion share of the budget is goes to the Ethiopian intercommunicate and Television Agency and thence to the private FM radio stations especially Fana FM and Sheger FM. Most banks also use print media like newsman and fortune news paper. But how does a bank determine how much it should spend for marketing in general and advertising in particular? There are methods of calculation. Methods of calculation According to author of M arketing Financial Services, there are different ways to calculate a banks marketing budget. Banks use at least four methods to determine what they will spend on marketing in general and on advertising in particularDebub Global Bank, MPPE DepartmentCompiled by Behaylu WondafrashThe region method, The competitive parity method, The incremental method and The objective-and-task method.1. Percentage method the percentage method states banks advertising budget is 1/10th of 1 percent of a banks total assets. This percentage method has several drawbacks or flaws. First, it is based on the banks past performance rather than on objectives for the future. Second, it views assets or deposits as the cause of advertising rather than recognizing that increases in these variables might be, to some extent, the effect of advertising. Third, it discourages aggressive advertising and reduces advertising expenditures in periods of economic slowdown. Research indicates that firms that maintain or incr ease their advertising during periods of recession do better after the recession.2. Competitive parity method this method is also known as follows the leader.A bank determines what its competitors are spending on advertising and simply follows their lead. This method is based on the erroneous assumption that the market responds in the equivalent way to the same volume of birr spent by different banks. It fails to take into account the effects of variations in creativity, different uses of media, the timing of campaigns, and a banks image and recognition take aim in its market area. Furthermore, a banks competitors probably use no more rational a system for determining their advertising expenditures than does the bank that is following their lead.3. incremental Method under this method a bank simply increases its advertising budget by a certain percentage each year. The percentage whitethorn take Debub Global Bank, MPPE DepartmentCompiled by Behaylu Wondafrashinto account the rate of inflation or the growth rate of the bank or it may be rigid by a planner or budgeter whose primary objective is to make the bottom line show a targeted return on assets. Whatever the percentage increase, this method does not take in to account the desired objectives of advertising and the most cost effective ways to attain them.4. Objective-and-task method. Using this method, the bank bases its advertising budget on what it will cost to meet the marketing objectives it had defined. The bank then weighs this cost against the evaluate net benefit of the new business to reassure that the cost of advertising will not reduce the profit margin on the newly acquired deposits or loans beyond acceptable limits. For example, Let us take Debub Global bank (DGB) and assume that a banks goal is to increase its one-year deposit volume by 100 million birr over its expected normal growth during a promotion period. It calculates that the profit margin on those funds (deposits) will be 6 percen t (or 6,000,000 birr). The bank must then decide how much it is willing to invest in advertising in order to generate an extra 6,000,000 birr of income. The selected amount will vary from bank to bank.This method also has its drawbacks. While it works for specific promotions that have immediately measurable results, such as increased deposit or loan volume, it cannot be used to determine the level of advertising necessary to build awareness of the bank and to develop and maintain an image for it. A bank that advertises only when it has a specific promotion to communicate may be out of the media for considerable periods of time. Most marketers agree that some maintenance level of advertising, either product or institutional, is a necessary investment, simply to keep the banks name in front of its publics.

Fast Food versus Homemade Food Essay Example for Free

Fast Food versus Homemade Food EssayOn the other hand, home-made victuals has little attraction than dissipated food. A reason for this is that home-made food needs lots of sentence until it gets ready. For instance, people should wait for several hours in order to have a ready home-made meal. Another reason is that home-made food is less convenient than fast food. For example, you may not kick downstairs all the ingredients you need in one grocery, yet you have to look in several groceries until you find all the ingredients. Home-made food is much healthier than fast food, and therefore, people will enjoy eating their meals without thinking of health problems.In conclusion, both fast food and home-made food have significant divergence in preparation time, convenience and quality. Fast food might be better in saving time and being more convenient, while home-made food might be better in quality. I do believe that home-made food is much better than fast food, because people s health is The questions by Dixit saab 1. Chule Ki Roti is better or bread. 2. Fast Food is better or customs(regular ) food. , are most relevant in todayss context. I privilege regular food but not fast food. Nutritious, hygenenic food is most important. Even in fast food if it is hygenic, nutritious it can be taken. galore(postnominal) a time we are forced to take fast food which is not so hygenic or nutritious ,because of the urgrncy , in place of the meals we take. The regular expenditure of fast foods in place of regular food is not suggestable which may kill apetite and person become weak. Inthe present day stressful jobs the person is devour his physical, mental talents tocope with work schedules. Since body is also a machine we should give necessary inputs through food and required rest so that body functions smoothly. periodical fast food is unaviodable. But one should take care of health by taking healthy food. Health is Wealth.

Isolation, Cloning, and Translation of Plasmid DNA

Isolation, Cloning, and Translation of Plasmid DNAAbstractThe objective of this experiment was to cl genius a kanamycin gene into the MCS of a pUC18 plasmid DNA DNA, and then to transform prison electric cells with the plasmids. Purified pUC18 and pKan plasmid samples were obtained. A 0.7 % agarose gel was prompt, and the wells loaded with the plasmid samples. Restriction endonucleases were utilize to cut a kanamycin underground gene from a pKan plasmid. DNA ligases were used to ligate the kanamycin resistance gene on to the doubled cloning site of the pUC18 plasmid. Escherichia coli (strain DH5) were then modify with plasmids. The strawman of the kanamycin resistance gene in the pUC18 was determined utilise the corroborative (pUC18 excerption) and direct selection manners. The results from the gel image were myopic. Zero colony counts were enter on the kanamycin plates for the indirect selection method. Zero colony counts were recorded on the kanamycin/ carbenicillin plate for the direct selection method. In Conclusion it rout out be said that although the kanamycin gene should have been inserted into the pUC18 plasmid, the results from both selection methods indicate that it wasnt.IntroductionDNA cloning is a process in which a certain piece of DNA is replicated several times 1. This process in essence involves isolating the gene or DNA fragment of interest, and transferring it to another molecular of DNA 1. In order for the cloning process to begin, the DNA of interest has to be cut at precise locations 1. Specific endonucleases are used for this process. afterward which a small molecule of DNA is chosen, that has parapet sites that are complementary to the DNA of interest and is capable of self-replication 1. These small molecules of DNA are called cloning vectors (phages, plasmids, yeast Artificial Chromosomes, or Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes can be used) 1. The two pieces of DNAs (the vector and DNA of interest) can be joined toget her by using a DNA ligase 1. The newly formed composite DNA molecule is called a recombinant DNA 1. The recombinant DNA can then be introduced into a host cell by a process of variety 1. Once alter multiple copies of the host cell can be produced, and in doing so multiple copies of the DNA are also produced 1.Bacterial DNA can carry genes for antibiotic resistance 2. The antibiotic resistance gene can each be on the chromosomes or on other external chromosomal pieces of DNA (e.g. plasmids) 2. The pUC18 is a cloning vector plasmid that contains an ampicillin resistance gene 2. On the other hand the pKan plasmid contains a kanamycin resistance gene 2. The pUC18 plasmids are extremely useful for transformation with an Escherichia coli host cell 2. The pUC18 plasmid lie in of an origin of DNA replication, pBR322 derived ampicillin resistance gene, and a lacZ gene of E.coli 2. The lacZ gene is part of something called the lac operon 1. The lac operon in essence consists of the lacZ, lacY, and lacA genes 1. The combination of the three genes allows the cell to utilize milk sugar 1. When sufficient quantity of lactose is avai science laboratoryle, the cell is able to utilize the lactose by producing the enzyme beta-galactosidase 2. pUC18s lacZ gene contains a collection of different obstruction enzyme recognitions sites 2. This site indoors the lacZ gene is called a Multiple Cloning Site (MCS). The MCS of the pUC18 plasmids can be recognized by a number of different enzymes hence cuts can be made at various different places 2. In gene cloning experiments, X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl,-D-galactoside) is used to indicate the presence of the lacZ gene, and hence indicates whether or not a cell is producing the enzyme beta-galactosidase 23. This indication is given by a blue coloration of the colonies growing on a medium containing X-gal 2. Beta-galactosidase cleaves X-gal into D-galactoside and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole 3. The actual presence of 5-bromo-4-ch loro-3-indole is what causes the colonies to true blue 3.The pKan plasmid contains the kanamycin resistance gene. In this experiment the kanamycin resistance of the pKan plasmid allow for be cloned into the MCS of the pUC18 plasmid 2. This new recombinant DNA go out then be transformed into an E.coli strain DH5 host cell 2. A brief overview of the isolation, cloning and transformation processes are given higher up 2. This process in the end will yield an E. coli strain that is resistance to both ampicillin and kanamycin 2. As mentioned earlier, the multiple cloning sites (MCS) of the pUC18 plasmid is located with its lacZ gene 2. This means that when the kanamycin resistance gene is inserted into the multiple cloning sites, the lacZ gene is disturbed 2. This alters the production of beta-galactosidase 2. thusly the E.coli cells are not able to utilize X-gal on a growth media, producing gaberdine colonies instead of blue 2. The presence of face cloth colonies can be used as an i ndication for interjection of the kanamycin gene in pUC18 plasmid 2. A kanamycin/ampicillin selective media can also be used to make sure that the pUC18 plasmid has the kanamycin gene inserted into it 2.In summary the main objectives of this experiment is to clone a kanamycin gene into the MCS of a pUC18 plasmid, and then to transforms a cell with the plasmids. The hypothesis is that a kanamycin resistance gene will be inserted onto the MCS of the pUC18 plasmid, and as a result the cells will be resistant to both antibiotics.Materials and MethodsThe following materials and methods are taken from Hausner, M., Jong, M. (2010). Experiments in Biotechnology (BLG888 ed.). Toronto Ryerson University. Pg 7-19MaterialsBacterial plasmids, restriction enzymes, solutions and media used Overnight cultures of DH5/ pUC18 and MM294/pKan (5x10mL) were used. DNA solution kit that was used consist of solution 1 (glucose/Tris/EDTA to which lysozymes were added), solution 2 (SDS/NaOH), and solution 3 (KOAc). Enzymes RNAase (5mg/ml) and DNA ligase were used. isopropyl alcohol and ethanol were used. TE fender used contained 10Mm TRIS and 0.1 mM EDTA. Tris borate buffer that was used contained (TBE)(1X)10.8g Tris, 5.5g Boric acid, 10 mM EDTA, and up to century0 ml distilled water. DNA burden dye and Ethidium bromide solution were used. The plasmids pUC18 and pKan were used. The restriction enzymes that were used were BamHI (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H.) and HinDIII (isolated from Haemophilus influenza). 5M ammonium acetate was used. Phenolchloroformisoamyl was used. 50mM EDTA was used. 5 x ligation and restriction buffers were used. TE buffer that was used contained 10Mm Tris, 0.1 Mm EDTA. Cell culture of E. coli strain DH5 was used. 50 ml of LB broth and 3 impotent saline pipeworks. 2 LB plates, 8 LB + carbenicillin (carb), and 3 LB + carbenicillin (carb) + kanamycin (kan) plates were used. X-gal solution was used. 1 plate of LB+ kanamycin (kan).MethodsPreparation of the pla smid DNA pUC18 and pKan plasmid were nimble over a period of three days (three weeks). Two centrifuge supplys with the culture sample were centrifuged for 10 minutes and supernatant discarded. 100l of solution 1 was added followed by 10l of RNase. After 20 minutes solution 2 was added. Five minutes later ice cold solution 3 was added, which was centrifuged 10 minutes later for 10 minutes. 400l of the supernatant was extracted to a clean underpass, to which 400l of isopropanol was then added and was left for 30 minutes at -20oC. The DNA sample was then centrifuged and the pellet speed vac. The dry pellet was re-suspended in 20l of TE buffer. A gel was prepared with accordance to steps in the lab manual. The DNA samples were then loaded on to the wells and the electrophoresis apparatus ran. The gel images were taken to see presence of the pUC18 and pKan plasmids.Endonuclease restriction digestion of the plasmids and ligation of the kanamycin fragment to pUC18 Two centrifuge tubes were prepared from 10l of pUC18 and 10l of pKan plasmids. To each tube restriction buffers, restriction enzymes and unfruitful water were added (refer to the lab manual for details). The prepared tubes were centrifuged and left in a water bath. 5l of EDTA was added to each tube. 100l of TE buffer and Phenolchloroformisoamyl were added. The tubes were then pulse centrifuged and top layer remove and transferred to new tubes (A1 and B1). 100l of Phenolchloroformisoamyl was added, top layer upstage and transferred to new tubes again (A2 and B2). Ammonium acetate and ethanol were added to tubes A2 and B2. The tubes were centrifuged, supernatant discarded, pellet speed vacuumed, and finally re-suspended in TE buffer. thermionic vacuum tube C and D were prepared with accordance to the lab manual. The new tubes were then centrifuged and incubated.Transformation of an ampicillin sensitive E.coli Strain The first five steps to prepare the cell culture of DH5 for transformation were done by the lab staff. Details on the steps can be found in the lab manual. Four centrifuge tubes were prepared. Tube 1 contained uncut DNA plasmids, tube 2 contained DNA sample from tube C, tube 3 contained DNA sample from tube D, and tube 4 contained unfruitful water. The pre-prepared cells were then added to the tubes and heat shocked. LB broth was added to each tube and incubated for 20 minutes.X gal was spread evenly on the 8 LB+ carb plates. 100l from tubes 1, 2, and 4 were spread on 3 of the LB+carb+X-gal plates. 100l from tube three was then plated on the remaining five LB+carb+X-gal plates. Tube 3 was also plated on to 3 LB+carb+kan plate. A dilution series (using 0.1l from the previous) was prepared from tube 3 using 3 sterile saline tubes. 10 l from dilution 2 and 100 l from dilution 3 were spread plated onto 2 LB plates. Colonies from each plate were counted. dingy and white colonies from tube 3 plates were then streaked on to a LB+Kan plate. Results from the LB+Kan plates wer e then recorded.Additional details can be found in the lab manual Hausner, M., Jong, M. (2010). Experiments in Biotechnology (BLG888 ed.). Toronto Ryerson UniversityResultsFigure 1 0.7 % agarose gel digest showing the presence of the pUC18 and pKan plasmids. Lane 3 and 2 were used by Abbas and Jamie.The construe above shows the 0.7% agarose gel image showing the presence of pUC18 and pKan plasmids. If banes appeared in the respective lanes, the plasmid samples would be used in the next part of the experiment. The image above shows bands appearing for lane 3 (pKan), solely none for lane 2 (pUC18). This indicates the presence of the pKan plasmid but absences of the pUC18 plasmid. Hence due to inadequate results, additional plasmid sample were prepared by the lab staff.In natural results from all 14 plates were recorded.Indirect MethodTable 1 Results for colony counts for the indirect (pUC18) selection method on LB+ carb+ X-gal platesPlate 1Plate 2Plate 3Plate 4Plate 5Tube 1TMTC-Blu eN/ATube 25-BlueTube 40Tube 340 Blue/ 5 White55 Blue/ 15 White79 Blue/ 22 White65 Blue/ 3 White54 Blue/ 12 WhiteThe results for tube 1, 2, 3, and 4 plated on the 8 LB+ carb+ X-gal plates are sh profess above. Tube 1 contained an uncut plasmid which explained the high number of colonies for plate 1. Tube 2 contained a cut pUC18 plasmid, which can be explained by only 5 colonies. Tube 4 contained only sterile water hence zero colonies appeared on the plates. Tube 3 was plated on 5 plates, showing an fair of 59 blue colonies and 11 white colonies.Direct MethodNo colonies were obtained from the three plates of LB + carb + kan plates. workmanlike Cell and Percentage Transformation CalculationThe dilution series was prepared from tube 3, as indicated in the materials and methods section. Dilution 2 had a 100 colonies and dilution 3 had 30 colonies. The CFU (colony forming unit) calculations and value are shown below.CFU = ( of colonies) x (dilution factor) / (volume plated)CFU for diluti on 2 = 100 x 104/ 0.1 = 10000000 cells/mlCFU for dilution 3 cant be calculated because it doesnt fall between the 30-300 colony limit.Table 2 Percentage transformation of colonies using competent cells (CFU)Plate 1Plate 2Plate 3Plate 4Plate 5 reasonablePercentage TransformationFor total colonies (%)(45)0.0045(70)0.007(101)0.0101(68)0.0068(66)0.0066(70)0.0070In order to calculate percentage transformation, calculations from CFU are need. Percentage transformation can be calculated using the total colonies (i.e.. plate 1 40 blue+5 white =45 total).Percentage Transformation = (Transformed cells per ml /competent cells (CFU) )x 100%So for example for the average of 70 total colonies =0.007%DiscussionAs mentioned in the result section the agarose gel image was inadequate. Lane 2 and 3 in figure 1 represent the pUC18 and pKan plasmids respectively. Clear bands were seen for the pKan plasmid however this is not the case for the pUC18 plasmid. In order for the plasmids to show up, they had to be extracted from their respective E. coli strains(pUC18 (DH5) and pKan (MM294). The presence of bands on the pKan lane proves that in that location is actual extraction from the cells. The presence of multiple bands could indicate the presence of multiple size plasmids of pKan. The fact that no bands were seen for pUC18 could be as a consequence of inadequate extraction from the E. coli cells (DH5). Experimental procedural error could have resulted in this. Both strains of microbes would have been genetically engineered to only contain the plasmid of interest hence the take chances of contamination is reduced. The selection methods for the experiments were divided into indirect (pUC18 selection) and direct selection methods.As mentioned in the materials and method section, cells from tube 1 were streaked on to a plate. The cells were transformed with undigested pUC18 plasmids. The colonies were too many to count and were all blue. The high number of colonies could simply occur because of the stable natural of the undigested pUC18 plasmid. The undigested pUC18 plasmids contain an ceaseless lacZ gene, capable of producing beta-galactosidase. Beta-galactosidase is hence able to utilize X-gal on the plates and produce the large number of blue colonies. Since the cells were carbenicillin resistance (due to the pUC18 plasmids), they were able to grow on the plates. Cells were transformed with digested pUC18 plasmids from tube 2. Cells from tube 2 formed too few colonies (only 5) when compared to tube 1 (TMTC). This is due to the unstable nature of the digested pUC18 plasmids. These plasmids were digested with HinDIII and BamHI, and it possible that not all of them had an opportunity to re-ligate properly. The restriction enzymes could have cut up the lacZ gene or the carbenicillin (ampicillin) gene making it difficult for the plasmid to come back to its original conformation and survive on the X-gal+carb plate. A large majority of the pUC18 could have been cu t in to smaller fragments rendering then inactive. Tube 3 initially contained the digested pUC18 and pKan plasmids. Cells were then transformed with the gist of this tube. Since the transformation process is not perfect, there is no way to know what plasmid the cell took up. Hence it can be assumed that cells were transformed with either only the pUC18 plasmids, the pUC18 plasmids with the kanamycin gene, pKan and Puc18 or in some case only the pKan plasmid. Five plates were spread plated with these cells and presence of blue and white colonies were noted. As the results indicate a mixture of both blue and white colonies were obtained with an average of about 59 blue colonies and 11 white colonies. Blue colonies would hypothetically contain cells (plasmids) with an intact lacZ (producing beta-galactosidase) gene justifying the blue color. The white colonies would have there lacZ gene disturbed (not producing beta-galactosidase), because another piece of DNA would have been inserted into the MCS. However the production of white colonies doesnt dictate the entry of the kanamycin gene into the pUC18 plasmids. It is highly possible that another gene or DNA fragments from the pKan plasmid got inserted in the pUC18 plasmids. Confirmation of this was performed by streaking white colonies onto a kanamycin plate. The fact that no colonies grew, indicated that the kanamycin gene was in fact not inserted. This proves that the results are false positive because white colonies appeared on the X gal plates, but didnt on the kanamycin plates. This means that the white colonies werent transformed with what we wanted. Finally it is noted that when tube 4 was streaked on to a plate, no growth occurred. This seems consistent as the cells in this tube were only transformed with sterile water, which means no plasmids were present. The cells would not have contained plasmids with the carbenicillin resistance gene, and hence did not survive on the carbenicillin plates.The direct method results were recorded from the LB + carb + kan plates. No growth was observed in any of the plate, which proved to be highly contradictory to our hypothesis. Presence of white colonies on the indirect method plates but none on the direct method plates was suprising. White colonies were assumed to have pUC18 plasmids with both kanamycin and carbenicillin resistance genes. Hence its inability to grow on the carb + kan plates was surprising because white colonies grew on the X-gal plates. However as mentioned earlier it could be possible that another fragment of DNA was inserted into MCS to a fault the kanamycin gene. The fact that white colonies also didnt appear when they were streaked on to a kanamycin plate, ties in with these results.Both direct and indirect methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. Indirect method involves multiple steps and hence in many cases can be time consuming. More plates are involved in the indirect methods, making it difficult to keep track sometimes, also adding to cost. However the indirect method helps to indentify the false positive/false negative results. The indirect selection method helps to make a comparison between the cut and uncut pUC18 plasmids. Comparison of the colonies shows the effect of restriction enzymes of the activity of the pUC18 plasmids. Moreover the indirect method is much more than selective. This is because it first shows which colonies have an insertion in the multiple cloning site through the blue/white screening method. Then the plating of these white colonies on to a kanamycin plate helps to confirm that it was a kanamycin resistance gene that was actually inserted (on the MCS). The direct method is very concise involving only one plate, which save both time and money. This selection method has no chance of giving false negative/false positive results. The direct selection method selects for cells that have been transformed with pUC18 plasmids, and have a kanamycin resistance gene in their MCS. Since the pUC18 plasmid already has an ampicillin resistance gene (carbenicillin in this case), the insertion of kanamycin resistance gene allows it to survive on a LB+carb+kan plate. A problem comes when the plasmids dont have the necessary gene inserted in their MCS. So in this case for example it could be possible that the plasmid doesnt contain the kanamycin gene so the kanamycin antibody kills it, even though the carbenicillin resistance gene is there. other technicality comes when a cell transformed contains both pUC18 and pKan at the same time. Because this selection method only selects for cells that have both carbenicillin and kanamycin resistance, it is difficult to report whether the cell selected has both plasmids (pUC18 and pKan) or only a pUC18 (with the kanamycin gene). Therefore although more time consuming the indirect method is more useful.Some of the data-based errors that occurred could have been due to improper spreading techniques. The process o f cell transformation that was used was through heat shock. It could be possible to use other cell transformation technique such as electroporation.In Conclusion it can be said that although the kanamycin gene should have been inserted into the pUC18 plasmid, the results indicate that it wasnt.

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engineering Essay

Anti Jerk harbour Of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engineering hearThe report details the polish up do in the argona of anti-jerk check come forth of fomites. It explains the phenomenon of snubline rounds excited out-of-pocket to torsion of wedgeline at high locomotive engine tortuositys causing undesirable longitudinal oscillations in vehicle body.Report starts with a broad introduction to the discipline and lays down the aims and objectives of the research compute.The aims and objectives of the project argon to rule an lively feedback command for an galvanic caralal drive of a hybrid electric vehicle to damp these undesirable oscillations.A summary critical review of previous research twist do in this area is certifyed which defines the starting point of the project. assorted techniques utilize for anti-jerk checker in formal vehicle are discussed. Basic approach to ideal run aground control design is presented in the report. An introduction to hybrid electric vehicle driveline and description of its components different from conventional vehicle is shown.The report in any case lays down the mathematical function of the work to be followed for the research project with a project plan.INTRODUCTIONThe increasing pressure of protecting the natural environment and to decrease the dependence on non-renewable sources of energy has encouraged vehicle manufacturers to develop more clean and competent power systems. As a result Hybrid vehicles are hot topic for research among vehicle manufacturers. Efforts are being do to make the vehicles more fuel efficient with high performance and minimum CO2 emissions. Diesel hybrids are considered as next big thing among ecological designs since diesel engines are 20 % 30% more fuel efficient than their gas pedal counter split.Nowadays noise, thrill and harshness (NVH) issues seduce become more important for a customer such that there are precise stringent requirements for noise or shakin g in a vehicle. Driveability of a vehicle is majorly impacted by NVH problems and is strongly felt as vehicles performance during various manoeuvres such as acceleration, braking, gear flip-flop etc. Thus vehicle manufacturers and OEMs have realized the importance of NVH issues and target to identify the root cause of shaking and compound the correcting measures at early stages of manufacturing with a main goal to refine the ride and driveability of a vehicle.These days efforts are being made to increase the performance of vehicles and to make them more fuel efficient by using different techniques and one of the techniques is electrification of various systems in a vehicle. Electronic power assist steering system, electric prompt roll control, electronic differential, brake by wire are some of the examples of electrification of vehicle systems. This kind of methodology becomes more evident in case of hybrid electric vehicles where electric power components including power elect ronics are integral part of the powertrain. It has been observed that using these electrification techniques not further helps in increasing the performance of the vehicle but alike makes them more fuel efficient. Thus the electrification in a diesel hybrid powertrain to improve the driveability of vehicle forms the main platform for this research project.Problem Statement unity of the major NVH issues in automobiles is torsional vibrations of driveline. The torsion of drivetrain at high engine torques causes oscillations in driveline. These oscillations are generally excited by various sources such as press forwardy or sudden load/torque change, gear change and unevenness of road surface. These oscillations cause longitudinal acceleration in vehicle structure and passenger compartment of the vehicle, which reduces the comfort and driveability of the vehicle and are experienced as unwanted jerk by the driver and passengers. These font of driveline oscillations are termed as Je rking, which is the main focus of this research.The high engine torques at low engine speeds makes this phenomenon more common in modern diesel engines. A sudden/abrupt pressing or purgative of accelerator pedal by the driver causing a rapid increase or decrease in engine torque called as tip-in and tip-out respectively, which gives scratch to oscillations between frequency frame of 2 10 HZ. To reduce these oscillations and to increase the comfort and improve the driveability of vehicle some kind of anti-jerk control is required. In conventional diesel engine vehicles, active control of engine fuelling and drivers torque demands and passive utilization of mechanical isolators such as dual concourse fly pedal (DMF) are utilize to permit feed forward active and passive damping of these oscillations.Aims and ObjectivesThe aims of the research project are to investigate the phenomenon of anserine in a diesel hybrid electric vehicle and to electrify the anti-jerk control using the electric motor of hybrid vehicle to damp these oscillations. The aims of the project would be realized through following objectivesA feed forward approach in poseing the vehicle driveline to investigate driveline goosey using SIMULATION-X. The response of vehicle during tip-in, tip-out, idle and coast conditions would be studied.To design an active feedback control for electric motor of the hybrid vehicle to permit active damping of the investigated driveline oscillations.To analyse its opinions on fuel consumption, comfort and sportiness of the vehicle and semblance with conventional anti-jerk control methods.To study the impact of passive damping of these oscillations using DMF in the driveline.Due to the diverse nature of the project the work has been divided between cardinal students. It was decided that deterrent exampleling of the driveline result be done by Pavan Mukkamala and Kamal Shamnani forget take care of control design part of the project.Report OverviewAs it great deal be seen before, the report begins with the introduction to the current scenario of hybrid vehicles, driveability and electrification of vehicle systems. Then problem statement was defined followed by aims and objectives.The next chapter would summarize the undertaken review to understand the research work beginning with analyses of jerking. The literature review also serves as the basis to provide the expected response characteristics. It also explains the different control methods use on a conventional diesel engine vehicle.Chapter 3 lays down the outline of the procedure to be followed for the research project along with project plan. Conclusions establish the literature review have been made in chapter 4.LITERATURE REVIEWDriveline OscillationsDifferent type of powertrain configurations (front hustle drive or rear roll up drive), engine type and energising response, engine torque at different engine speeds and vehicle mass excites different kind of oscillations in v ehicle driveline. These oscillations have been summarized below 1Torsion of shaft causes jerking and pitching type oscillations in the driveline. Jerking then causes longitudinal acceleration of car body in a frequency range of 2 5 Hz. The pitch motion frequency is about 1 2.5 Hz.Engine movement and engine mount characteristic excites oscillations in a frequency range of 15 200 Hz. Gear box housing cause oscillations in the frequency range between 50 and 80 Hz.Combustion process, movement of pistons inside the cylinder and engine speed causes oscillations depending upon type of engine, number of cylinders and engine speed. Inline-four cylinder engine types engine exhibit rangy cyclical fluctuations of torque at idle speed.Driveline Jerking in a Diesel Engine VehicleThe fast response and high torque of modern at once injection diesel engines results in sharp and large changes in driveline torque. Moreover smaller and more powerful modern diesel engines with reduced flywheel ina ctivenesss and reduced mass of powertrain components reduce the initial response to transient throttle demands by the driver. But on the other hand double-quick response and large changes in driveline torque make them more susceptible towards generation of driveline oscillations. These types of oscillations are commonly referred as driveline jerking, surging, driveline shuffle, driveline judder, jerk oscillations or bonanza effect. 2, 3 and 4.These oscillations are generally excited due to the torsional vibrations of driveline when accompanied with sudden torque change. The sudden driveline torque change rear end be described as tip-in and tip-out manoeuvres. The tip-in and tip-out behaviour are described in figure-1 as a step input and after some seconds a step back to zero 2. The tip-in and tip-out behaviour causes oscillations to engine speed. The difference between engine speed and wheel speed is generally utilise to describe the torsional oscillations of driveline shown as torsional speed in figure-2-1. These oscillations are transmitted to the vehicle body from wheel and tire and cause oscillations in vehicle longitudinal acceleration. The oscillations in longitudinal acceleration of vehicle body are shown in figure-2-2. The acceleration of vehicle body oscillates between the frequency range of 2 and 5 Hz. The observed frequency of oscillation is dominated by drivelines first natural frequency. This frequency lies between the resonance frequencies of various sensitive world body parts such as shoulders (4 6 Hz), stomach (4- 8 Hz) and trunk (3 6 Hz) 5. So, these different body parts may resonate due to this jerking and hence very unpleasant for drivers and passengers. work 2 Effect of Tip-in and Tip-out on Engine and wheel speed 2Figure 2 Body acceleration during Tip-in and Tip-out 2.The phenomenon of jerking is more common where the manual clutch is not present, as a human driver uses manual clutch to reduce these vibrations. Whereas in robotli ke clutch units the design philosophy is to reduce the clutch engagement and disengagement snip to prevail smooth torque transfer which gives rise to driveline oscillations.These oscillations differ at different gear ratios. It has been shown that oscillation frequency increases shifting from first gear to higher gears due to change in damping co-efficient associated with each gear and reflected engine inertia 6. Generally driveline shuffle is also associated with phenomenon of clonk or gear rattle. Clonk is basically a noise which is a by-product of backlash present in gears. Backlash is allowed to integrate operating clearances and manufacturing tolerances. The clonk rouse be reduced by increasing the driveline compliance but side effect of increasing compliance is the increased driveline oscillations hence jerking.Anti-Jerk figure of Conventional VehiclesThe main parameters which govern the severity of jerking response of vehicle jackpot be termed as engine torque rise rate and driveline compliance. Anti-jerk control acts as the balance between comfort and sportiness of the vehicle. The reduction in driveline oscillations is possible by controlling the engine torque rise rate, which after part be done by smoothening of drivers torque demands. In a conventional diesel engine vehicle it is done by electronic fuelling control and in a petrol engine vehicle it is done by using spark advance and electronic throttle control. Various manufacturers use the filtering of drivers torque request but this becomes of no use when oscillations are excited by ground roughness.In practice, anti-jerk restraint parameters are experimentally optimized to combine comfort and sportiness of the vehicle 2. The parameters are tuned and accessed, to include non-linearities present in the system, by using various test-runs to find optimal control parameters. All these parameters are stored in form of different maps and relationship between different engine parameters which are then used to obtain a feed-forward controller for the vehicle.The reductions in driveline oscillations in conventional drivetrain are possible by various active and passive methods. These includeOptimizing driveline parameters such as compliance of clutch, driveshaft and transmission, gear ratios and inertia of driveline components.Passive reduction of oscillations by adding damping to the system.Active control of engine torque.Model ground Anti-Jerk ControlIn past these parameters were obtained by using trial and error methods which may not be fully optimized and this strategy takes a lot of age depending upon the knowledge of automotive engineer 2. These days as explained above that optimal anti-jerk control parameters are obtained experimentally by systematic and standardized computer back up test runs. This procedure still relies on time-consuming test runs. Whereas use of simulation can help in analytical assessment of a large number of performance, driveability and comfort parameters with reduced costs and less risk of testing. air can determine highly optimized and true system parameters out of which only few parameters are required to be checked by real tests which save a lot of testing time. Due to this a lot of emphasis is assumption on use of simulation to obtain the optimal controller parameters and also if possible integration of model based controller in the vehicle is also being considered. A review of model based controller design approach is shown below.Modelling techniquesDriveline of a conventional diesel engine vehicle is made up of an internal combustion engine which is connected to a gearbox through clutch whose rig is connected to driveshafts which transmits torque to the wheels. In model based controller design gray-box approach is used to model the drivetrain. According to which driveline can be modelled as lumped parameter model which is made up of rotating bodies with lumped inertias, compliances, damping losses, input torque and load torque through environmental forces 6. Even a complete linear state space model based upon this comparatively simple chemise of driveline is of 14th order which is very complex and requires very extensive computational resources to run on a real time engine ECU and is therefore very expensive and cannot be implemented for mass production 4. Structure of a complex rear wheel drivetrain is shown in figure -3 4.Figure 2 A rear wheel drive vehicle driveline structure 4Thus it is required to define a reliable and low order linear representation of boilers suit driveline kinetics. Since the purpose of anti-jerk controller is to damp the oscillations at drivelines first resonance mode, some approximations can be made to reduce the model complexity. To simplify the model it can be assumed that driveline oscillations at first resonance mode are caused due to torsion of drive shafts which can be explained as they are subjected to relatively highest torque since the torque from en gine is amplified by the transmission and terminal drive 1, 7. Clutch due to its higher stiffness can be considered as not contributing to first resonance mode. All these assumptions can be justified by measurements 1, 7. This reduces the driveline model to a 2nd, 5th or 7th order depending upon the type of drive configuration and flywheel.For a reliable and accurate design of a model-based controller identification of model parameters is done on basis of measurement data. To incorporate the non-linearities present in driveline the set of parameters depending upon engine speed can be stored in form of look-up tables resulting in time-variant model which is more accurate and reliable 1, 7. Different techniques such as least square optimization and extended kalman-filter can be used to optimize the non-linearities present in the system to reduce the error. The model can be validated by comparing the simulation results with real behaviour of the car.Controller DesignIn a model based anti-jerk controller design the controller is used in a feedback path. Here also different methodologies have been used to design the control strategy. One of them is to use the model to obtain the controller parameters. Thus in this case model based controller design approach is used to assist the engineer and to save time on testing 2. This type of control topology is shown in figure 2-4 2.Figure 2 Model based designed controller structure 2In this type of control architecture a two step procedure is used to damp the driveline oscillations first the requested driveline torque Tin is filtered to prevent jerking generation and then the feed-back controller minimizes the jerking further. State of the vehicle can be the feedback to the controller which can be engine speed, wheel speed, and vehicle speed etc, based on which variable controller parameters will be chosen from predefined maps. Advantage of this type of control structure is that it can be used to plant for the disturbanc es from the ground roughness. The other advantage of this type of control strategy is that it requires only controller variable parameters to be stored in the ECU of the engine which will be extracted by two performance criteria i.e. sportiness of vehicle demanded by the driver and level of comfort required through no longitudinal oscillations 2. The disadvantage of this type of controller is that it take to store different parameter values for different gears and operating points which require the experience and knowledge of automotive engineer to adjust parameter maps. Also it may require some feedback of vehicle states from the vehicle which may be difficult to measure in a vehicle. Also the adjusted parameters values for comfort and sportiness will depend upon the subjective preferences of the engineer. A field of research in this case is the invention of tuneable factor between sportiness and comfort which enables customers to tune their car to their requirement 2.another(pren ominal) approach in model based controller design is the predictive approach i.e. a reduced model of vehicle drivetrain will be include in vehicle ECU which will reproduce the occurrence of jerking before its actual occurrence and output of which is used as controller input which will then avoid jerking before its occurrence 1 , 7 and 4.Figure 2 Model based predictive control structure 1The dead time or the time delay due to engine combustion events is separated from dynamics of process and modelled separately at the end of model which makes the response of the model faster than actual vehicle 1, 7 hence enables the accurate reproduction of oscillations before their occurrence. Structure of a predictive model based controller is shown in figure 2-5 1. These types of controllers are generally equipped with an observer which incorporates the external disturbances such as ground surface roughness and compensates the model inaccuracies by including a feedback between model output and ac tual process output 1 and 7. The response of observer is faster than that of the process to make the steady state error zero after a short period of time due to this its design is done separately and values for different engine speeds and demanded torques are stored in form of look up tables. beginning locus method is used for designing these kind of controllers. An advantage of using this type of controller is that less dependence on automotive engineer to adjust parameter maps. However an appropriate compromise between comfort and sportiness needs to be defined. One of the ways to increase sportiness is to deliberately delay the activation of controller until initial vehicle acceleration. This type of method can give the user an option of different modes for example, sporty, everyday and comfort by changing the controller values 4. It can also predict system states which are difficult to measure on a real vehicle hence a more accurate system response can be obtained. At the same time this type of controller can be very expensive as it requires probatory computational resources added on to vehicle driveline ECU.Hybrid Vehicle DrivelineA hybrid vehicle is a vehicle in which powertrain has more than one source of power, a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has an internal combustion engine and an electric machine/motor. HEVs powertrain can be classified as serial publication or latitude hybrid systems. A series hybrid system is one in which electric motor provides all the torque required for vehicle propulsion whereas a parallel hybrid system allows torque input from either internal combustion engine or electric motor or from both. Hybrid electric vehicles are the most important topic of research for the past few years.A series hybrid vehicle driveline does not have a bet mechanical link between the engine and driveline. It is connected to a generator which in turn provides electric supply to power electronics. The electric machine/motor is connected generally through a single speed gearbox, final drive and drive shafts to wheels. Thus driveline oscillations in a series hybrid vehicle will be present, similar to a conventional vehicle. The main difference will be because of propulsion mechanism which is an electric motor. Regarding the anti-jerk control for a series hybrid vehicle, it can be done by active control of electric motor torque. It has been explained in a publication by Borodani and Ambrosio 3 in which an active robust control algorithm based on the H control technique was designed for a Fiat Bravo 1600 cc for electric only mode.In a parallel hybrid vehicle driveline both engine and motor are mechanically connected to the wheels through clutch, an automatic gearbox and drive shafts. The vibration modes of parallel hybrid driveline are similar to a conventional vehicle. A similar strategy can be used to minimize the jerking as used for conventional vehicles in engine only mode. Whereas an active control of electric motor torque can also be used to prevent jerking. As there is not enough evidence of work done regarding the investigation of jerking and development of anti-jerk control for hybrid vehicles, this will be a topic of this research.Figure 2 Block diagram of hybrid drivetrain to be usedElectric motor in a hybrid vehicle driveline gives an opportunity to electrify the anti-jerk control which then can be compared with conventional methods of anti-jerk control for fuel consumption, degree of comfort and sportiness of the vehicle. A parallel four wheel driven diesel hybrid electric driveline with dual mass flywheel (DMF) of a sport utility vehicle will be used to investigate the driveline oscillation and then to design an active feedback control for electric motor to damp these oscillations. Vehicle drive configuration can be changed to front wheel drive by unlocking the central coupler. The effect electric real axle drive (ERAD) will not be considered for anti-jerk control design. The driveline is sho wn in figure 2-6. Some important components of driveline and their effect are explained belowIntegrated Starter Generator (ISG)As name suggests ISG replaces both conventional starter and alternator/generator to a single electronically controlled device. An ISG can convert electric energy to mechanical energy to start an engine and also mechanical energy to electrical energy to power all electrical systems in a vehicle such as lights, air conditioning etc and to charge battery. An ISG serves three important functions start-stop, electricity generation and power assistance 8. It allows engine start-stop functionality to save fuel instead of idling when vehicle is not in motion. ISG generates electricity from spinning crankshaft of vehicle to charge the battery. In a hybrid vehicle an ISG can provide power assist to the engine during the boost-mode. Although it cannot propel a vehicle on its own but it can assist the engine and can be used to store energy while regenerative braking. T he ISG is generally used in mild hybrids. An ISG can provide retarding force on crankshaft to generate electricity during braking this feature of ISG can be used for anti-jerk control. duple Mass FlywheelA dual mass flywheel DMF consists of two rotating flywheels primary and secondary connected by long travel arc-springs 7. Figure -7 shows the structure of a basic DMF 4. A DMF can be used to mechanically isolate the driveline oscillations arising from high speed engine oscillations by decoupling the transmission from engine. It filters out the engine irregularities completely. Due to the smooth operation of secondary flywheel and transmission input shaft gear rattle is significantly reduced. DMF can provide good vibration isolation at low engine speeds which in turn reduces the fuel consumption of a vehicle. Due to its excellent vibration isolation and damping attributes, DMF today is found in many vehicle drivelines including low budget cars 4. But despite of its advantaged DMF inc reases the system complexity. DMF is basically a spring damper unit having highly non-linear characteristics. It can temporarily store energy due to which it applies a reaction torque on internal combustion engine and alters the engine speed signal which is used by ECU. It increases the probability of undesirable side effects such as jerking.Figure 2 Dual Mass flywheel structure 4PROCEDUREProcedure of workDriveline vibration is mainly a problem of engine torque profile and compliances of components in the driveline. To study the effect of jerking in hybrid vehicles a model of driveline with all system complexities will be developed using a SIMULATION-X. The simulation-X model will be a complex model replicating the complete dynamic behaviour of the vehicle. As the frequency range of interest is 2-5 Hz, drivelines first natural frequency the model will be reduced according to a final model to be implemented for the design on controller which can accurately predict the oscillations in the desired frequency range.An active feed-back control for electric motor torque and for engine fuelling control will be designed by implementing the reduced model in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Then both controllers will be implemented in the actual complex model in SIMULATION-X to observe the system performance in terms of fuel consumption, level of comfort and sportiness.Simulation toolSimulation-XSimulation-X has been chosen to investigate the phenomenon of jerking for the project due to its very user friendly graphical user interface. This interface provides a very original and efficient lumped parameter modelling approach for modelling dynamic systems. It can model various physical systems (i.e. Electronics, Mechanics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Thermal etc) with much ease. It also allows for the signal and equating based modelling ideal for control systems. Another important feature of Simulation-X is the ease of parameterization i.e. it is very easy to define the system complexities an d parameters depending upon the requirement. It has numerous possibilities for visualization, analysis and transcription a large number of results associated with each element of a model. It is very beneficial for modal analysis as it can easily extract the dynamics of system by showing the modes of vibrations and the cause of these resonance modes. This feature is very handy and useful for this research project as it can be used to differentiate between the causes of oscillations in the driveline and thereby helping to reduce the model for the desired frequency range.Project PlanCONCLUSIONSOn the basis of literature review it can be stated that the high change in engine or load torque excites oscillations in vehicle driveline, known as jerking causing horizontal acceleration in vehicle body. The frequency of jerking lies in resonance frequency range of various sensitive body parts as a result it is entirely undesirable by the drivers. Comfort and driveability issues raise the need for anti-jerk control.There has not been enough work done on anti-jerk control for hybrid electric vehicles since not many hybrid electric vehicles are available in market. Other than the conventional methods, electrification of anti-jerk control can be done in a hybrid electric vehicle which will be the main aim of the research project.A model based controller design approach can be regarded as efficient and reliable. It can assist an automotive engineer in deciding control parameters for the controller, also it can be implemented directly to vehicle for anti-jerk control by reducing the order of driveline model.Driveline oscillations can also be damped using passive damping methods such as using DMF which will be studied as a part of research project.REFERENCES1 Kiencke, U. and Nielsen, L. (2005), Automotive Control Systems for Engine, Driveline and Vehicle, Springer, Berlin, Germany.2 Grotjahn, M., Quernheim, L. and Zemke, S. (2006), Modeling Identification of car driveline dy namics for anti jerk controller design, ICM 2006 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics , 1-4244-9713-4/06.3 Borodani, P. and Ambrosio, C. (2002), Robust control of active damping of a hybrid vehicle driveline shuffle, MED2002 Conference.4 Walter, A. Kiencke, U., Jones, S. and Winkler, T. (2008), Anti-Jerk Idle Speed Control with Integrated Sub-Harmonic Vibration Compensation for vehicles with Dual Mass Flywheels, SAE International Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Congress Shanghai, China, 2008-01-1737.5 McDevitt, I. (2005), Torsional Vibrations of Vehicle Driveline, atomic number 62 Thesis, Automotive Product Engineering, Cranfield University.6 Lee, H.C. (2006), Driveline vibration control of electric vehicle, MSc Thesis, Automotive Product Engineering, Cranfield University.7 Baumann, J., Torkzadeh, D., Ramstein, A., Kiencke, U. and Schlegl, T. (2005), Model-based Predictive Anti-Jerk Control, Control Engineering Practice 14 (2006) 259-266.8 Viorel, I., Szabo, L., Lowenstein, L. and Stet, C (2004), Integrated Starter-Generators for Automotive Applications, Acta Electrotehnica, Volume 45 Number 3 2004.9 Reik, W., Seebacher, R. and Kooy, A. (1998), Dual Mass Fly-wheel.

The Scandinavian Influence On The English Language English Language Essay

The Scandinavian Influence On The incline Language face Language EssayThe Viking colonisation of the British Isles had a considerable effect on the English spoken communication and vocabulary. Even today, after hundreds of age, we can still see the assure of Scandinavian make. This paper deals with the function of Scandinavian on the English language. The aim of this paper is to show examples and explain the impact of Scandinavian on the English language.1. IntroductionThe history of English language is usually divided up into four major periods that can be justified two on the basis of linguistic differences and on the basis of historical withalts that influenced the later development of English language1. These periods be Old English (450-1150), Middle English (1150-1500), Early raw English (1500-1700) and Modern English (1700-present). These years are non strict boundaries but rough approximations.English has been influenced by many languages and one of them is Scandi navian (in the period of OE and ME). Scandinavian loans differ from other loans from the said(prenominal) period because they refer to common, everyday blushts and objects. Because of its extent, it is one of the most interesting of the foreign influences on the English language.2. The Scandinavian influence on the English languageTheir activities began in plunder and ended in conquest. (Baugh and Cable 92)2.1. Historical backgroundThe Viking Age lasted roughly from the middle of the eighth century to the beginning of the eleventh. The Vikings were the Germanic tribes of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Denmark. The reasons for their sudden attacks and voyages are unknown it is possible that they were of economic or political nature. In their adventures the Swedes established a kingdom in Russia Norwegians colonized parts of the British Isles, the Faroes, and Iceland, and from at that place pushed on to Greenland and the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland the Danes founded the duk edom of Normandy and finally conquered England (Baugh 92). Vikings conquered large areas of England but were stopped by King Alfred of Wessex. He signed the Treaty of Wedmore (878) with Gunthrum, the Viking leader. The treaty defined the boundary line, travel rapidly roughly from Chester to London, to the east of which the Vikings were to remain (Berndt 1989 22). This area was where Danish law and customs were followed and would later be known as the Danelaw. In the beginning of the eleventh century, the Vikings reached the aggrandisement of their achievement Cnut, king of Denmark, conquered Nor focusing England and obtained the throne of England (Berndt 23).Viking invasions led to an immigration wave from Scandinavia. Although most of the wise inhabitants were Danes, there were also Norwegians and Swedes. The twain peoples, the English and the Scandinavian, amalgamated. As is described in Baugh and Cable (98), the Scandinavians intermarried with the English, adopted many of th eir customs and accepted Christianity. Not much is known about the relation of the two languages. In fewwhat places the Scandinavian gave up their language early and in some places Norse was spoken as late as the seventeenth century. It is also highly possible that some of the new inhabitants were bilingual. Old Norse and Old English were similar languages so it is highly probable that the two may even have been mutually intelligible to a limited extent (Baugh and Cable 96) which made the process of borrowing and adoption easier.2.2. Scandinavian place- labelMany places in today England bear Scandinavian names (more than 1,400). These names are notable evidence that the Vikings once settled in England. These places are mostly situated in the district of the Danelaw but are not uni cast of charactersly distributed (Berndt 22, 64). According to Baugh and Cable (98-99), there are more than 600 places with names ending in -by (such as Whitby, Grimsby). The Scandinavian enunciate by m eans farm or town the parole can also be seen in by-law (town law). approximately 300 place-names end in the Scandinavian word thorp that means village (like Althorp, Bishopsthorpe, Linthorpe). in that respect are almost as much place-names that contain the word thwaite, an isolated piece of land (e.g. Applethwaite, Langthwaite). Around a hundred end in toft, a piece of ground, a messuage (Brimtoft, Nortoft).Even personal names bear witness to the Scandinavian influence. Names with the suffix -son like Stevenson or Johnson are the Scandinavian tantamount(predicate) of OE patronymic -ing (as in Browning).2.3. The tests of borrowed courseAs previously stated, Old English and Old Norse were similar languages some common wrangle of the two languages were even identical. Therefore, in some cases, it is difficult to determine whether a word in Modern English is native or a borrowed word. However, there are some reliable criteria that help to determine the origin of the word. Baugh an d Cable (96-97) enumerate and exemplify three criteria. One of the simplest is (1) the development of the sound sk. In OE, this sound was palatalized to sh (written sc), keep out in the combination scr while in ON it retained its hard sk sound. So, for example, native words like ship and fish have sh in Modern English, whereas words borrowed from Scandinavian are still pronounced with sk sky, skin, skill, scrape, whisk. An interesting example is that of the OE word scyrte that became skirt in Modern English, whereas the corresponding ON form skyrta became skirt. The belongings of the hard pronunciation of k and g in words such as kid, raise, give, and egg indicates Scandinavian origin. Occasionally, (2) the vowel of a word helps to determine the origin. For example, the Germanic diphthong ai became in OE ( in Modern English) and in ON it became ei or . Some examples of borrowed words are aye, nay, hale, reindeer and swain. These kinds of tests, based on sound-developments in the two languages, are the most reliable means of distinguishing Scandinavian from native words. Sometimes (3) meaning can help to determine the origin of the word. The Modern English word bloom (flower) could have come from OE blma or Scandinavian blm. The OE word meant an ingot of iron, whereas the Scandinavian word meant flower, bloom. The ON meaning is the one in median(a) use while the OE word has survived as a term in metallurgy. Another example where meaning helps us to determine the origin of the word is the word gift. In OE this word meant the price of a wife, and thus marriage in the plural, whereas the ON word had a more general sense with the meaning of gift, present.2.4. Scandinavian loanwordsAlthough the Scandinavian loan words began to enter the English language probably at the same time when the Vikings settled spate (the period of Old English), the evidence in writing can be found mostly in Middle English texts. The loanwords were recorded long after they came in use because it took some time before they entered the standard English. Baugh and Cable divided the early loanwords (in OE) into two separates. The first group constitute words associated with sea-roving and predatory people (99). The second group is made out of words relating to the law or characteristic of the social and administrative system of Danelaw (99). After the Norman Conquest, most of the words from the second group were replaced by the French terms and thus can no longer be found in Modern English.It was only after the Danes had begun to settle down that Scandinavian words started to enter in greater numbers into language. We cannot divide these words into different domains of thought or experience because Scandinavian loanwords are wide-ranging and simple (as opposed to the French or Latin loanwords). They include common, familiar, everyday words. The following list serves only illustrative purposes and is not in any way exhaustive, as there are around 900 Scandinavian w ords in Modern English.NOUNSaxle-treebandbankbirthboonboothbrink forgecalf (of leg)crookdirtdown (feathers)dregseggfellowfrecklegaitgapgirthguesshaphusband keelkidlawleglinkloanmireracereef (of sail)reindeerriftrootscabscalesscorescrap initiatesisterskillskinskirtskyslaughtersnarestacksteakswainthrifttidingstrustwantwindowADJECTIVES awkwardflatilllooselowmeekmuggyoddrottenruggedscantseemlyslytatteredtight ricketyVERBSbaitbaskbattencalcastclipcowcravecrawldiedroopegg (on)flitgapegaspgetgiveglitterhitkindleliftlugnagraiserakeran-sackridrivescarescout (an idea)scowl bellyachesnubsprinttakethrivethrustAs already mentioned, these words are very common and of everyday use. There probably existed words for the same concepts in OE, so the new words could have supplied no real need in the English vocabulary. However, these words made their way into the English as the result of the mixture of two peoples. Scandinavian loanwords are very interesting because they refer to ordinary things and be cause they retained in the language. As Ruiz Moneva (184) points out, the most strategic source languages at OE and ME period were Celtic, Latin, French and Scandinavian. But, contrarily to what had happened with the Celts, the Scandinavian influence upon the English language is characterized by its intensity, the great and important areas of the language which were affected (Ruiz Moneva 184).As previously stated, at one time, both languages were used side by side. This situation could have resulted in six different scenarios (Baugh and Cable 99-102 Ruiz Moneva 187-88). (1) If words in the two languages coincided more or less in form and meaning, the modern word stands at the same time for both its English and its Scandinavian ancestors. Some examples are burn, cole, drag, fast, hang, murk(y), scrape, thick. (2) If there were differences in form, the English word often survived. Some examples are bench, goat, hea hence, yarn, few, grey, loath, leap, flay. Corresponding Scandinavian forms can often be found in ME literature and in some cases they still exist in dialectal use (e.g. screde, skelle, skere with the hard pronunciation of the initial consonant group the standard English forms are shred, shell, sheer). (3) In some cases, the Scandinavian word replaced the native word, often after two had long remained in use concurrently. For example, the word awe is of Scandinavian origin and its cognate eye (aye) was an OE word. In the earlier part of the ME period the English word was more common, but later on (by 1300) the Scandinavian form appeared more often and finally replaced the Old English word. The same happened with the words for egg ey (English) and egg (Scandinavian) words for sister OE sweostor, ON syster the ON verb take replaced the OE niman. (4) Sometimes, both the English and Scandinavian words survived with a difference of meaning or use (the English word is given first) no-nay, whole-hale, rear-raise, from-fro, craft-skill, hide-skin, sick-ill . (5) Some native words that were not in common use were reinforced or reintroduced from the Scandinavian. Examples are till, dale, rim, blend, run and the Scottish bairn. (6) Finally, the English word might have been modified by victorious on some characteristics of the corresponding Scandinavian word. Examples include give and get with their hard g and Thursday instead of the OE Thunresdg.2.5. Form (grammatical) wordsScandinavian words that made their way into English were not only open class words (nouns, adjectives and verbs). The Scandinavian influence extended to grammatical words pronouns, prepositions, adverbs, and even a part of the verb to be. This is not a common case when it comes to borrowing. The pronouns they, their, them are Scandinavian (OE were he, hiera, him). Both and same, although they are not pronouns, have pronominal uses and are of Scandinavian origin. Some other examples include the conjunction though, adverbs aloft, athwart, aye (ever) and seemly. One of the most important Scandinavian words in English is the present plural of the verb to be are. The Scandinavian form took place of both or sind.2.6. Syntax and grammarScholars do not agree on the Scandinavian influence on the English syntax. Baugh and Cable (103-105) read that the Scandinavian influence not only affected the vocabulary but also extended to syntax. They admit that it is less capable of exact demonstration, but then conclude that it is hardly to be doubted (103). Kirch (503), on the other hand, argues that all of the previous claims made about the influence of Scandinavian on English syntax are the subject of much controversy. It was considered that these syntactic features originated from Scandinavian (1) relative clauses without pronouns, (2) the omission of the conjunction that, (3) the use of shall and will in Middle English, (4) the genitive before nouns (Kirch 503). But Kirch (503-510) refutes the quoted features and concludes that the probe turns up no posi tive proof of Scandinavian influence on English syntax (510). Berndt does not even mention syntax, so it is possible that he considers that Scandinavian did influence it.3. ConclusionAs we have seen, even today, after so many years, we can still see the evidence of Scandinavian influence in English. There are thousands of place-names of Scandinavian origin. Many common and everyday words have Scandinavian origin. We cannot even imagine the English vocabulary without them. What is even more fascinating is that Scandinavian left an imprint on grammatical words and possibly syntax, which is a rare case when it comes to borrowing. It can be conclude that Scandinavian has had significant impact on the development of the English vocabulary.

Analysis of Demian by Hermann Hesse :: Demian Herman Hesse Germany Essays

Analysis of Demian by Hermann HesseDemian is the story of a boy, Emil Sinclair, and his search for himself. Emil was raised in a considerably traditional home at the turn of the century in the nation of Germany. His family is very wealthy and they have a reputation as a principled, spectral family. As a boy, Sinclair views the beingness within the walls of his home as representing all that is good, pure, and innocent. But starting at a young age, he feels an inner impinge between his cause little world, the "world of light," and the outside world, or "forbidden realm" which represents sin and l superstarliness. Even though his mother, father, and two sisters remain within the "world of light", he constantly feels attracted to the outside realm. He ends up feeling uncertain between both of his little worlds, and not belonging to either one of them.&9This struggle between Sinclairs two worlds is evident whenSinclair is about 10 years old. While playing one day with some confederateschoolmates, Franz Kromer, an older kid, joins them. In an effort toimpress the older boy and his schoolmates, Sinclair makes up a story in which he and another unnamed accomplice take a bag of apples from a fellow neighbor. Although the story is untrue, Kromer threatens Sinclair with exposure if Sinclair does not pay him off. Unable to pay the full amount, Sinclair is forced to become Kromers slave, lastly sending Sinclair into depression and paranoia. Sinclair feels trapped by Kromer, forced to live within the "forbidden realm", which in turn exiles him from the "world of light" because he has spoil himself by lying and committing sinful acts for Kromer. This experience is traumatic for Sinclair and he is often haunted by nightmares, he is unable to eat, and he becomes withdrawn and sullen. His personality alters as he tries to cope with the bondage of his slavery to this lower-class, troublesome kid, but he sees no escape and reluctantl y succumbs to what he believes to be his fate. The arrival of a recent kid in town, Max Demian, is noticed by everyone due to the strange aura that surrounds him and his recently widowed mother. From the start, Sinclair feels a type of fascination forDemian, a perplexing feeling filled with both love and hate. "He was inevery respect different from all the others, was entirely himself, with a personality all his own which made him noticeable even though he did his best not to be noticed his manner and bearing was that of a prince disguised among farm boys, victorious great pains to appear one of them.

Child Labor - Economic Exploitation of Children Essays -- Foreign Dome

Child Labor - Economic Exploitation of ChildrenChild tote is a serious trouble in m each parts of the world, in particular in developing countries. It has been linked to many nations and cultures for hundreds of long time. Child labor is defined by Article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child as any economic exploitation or performance that is likely to be hazardous or interferes with the childs education, or is harmful to the childs wellness or physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development. Labor is defined as a difficult, or fatiguing mental and/or physical work. It wasnt until the Industrial Revolution that it became the problem it is today. With the arrival of the factory system in the 18th century, during the 1700s, children as young as five were being used as workers in England. During this period, a integrity called the English Poor Act gave the government the responsibility to care for children that had no parents or whose parents were too poor to care for them. Under this law, the government would take these pauper children and take them in jobs where they could become apprentices and learn a wad. The law was not usually affective because when children were handed over to the factory owners and usually became slaves. This is a violation of the benevolent Rights Document Universal Declaration of Human Rights in article 4, which states no one shall be held in slavery or servitude slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Children were used to tend to machines in factories and many worked in the dark, damp coalmines, carrying coal on their backs up ladders. Many children would work 10 to 15 hour days. This is a violation of the Human Rights Document in article 24, which states everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and hourly holidays with pay. They were forced to work in dangerous and unhealthy conditions, and their wages were incredibly small . There are many reasons why these children work poverty, lack of education, lack of familiarity of ones rights, and cultural tradition are all contributing factors. These children are often deprived and mistreated. They may get beaten or gravely punished for making even the slightest mistake. This is another violation of the Human Rights Document in article 1, which states all human beings are bor... ...the child labor they turn int have any legal power. The trade unions are weak and dont have the funds to do the job. Over several years the proposed law, now known as the Child Labor Deterrence Act, has been reintroduced along with a companion bill in the House. However, no vote has been taken on the House bill and the proposal was still pending at the beginning of 1998.Some U.S. cities are passing laws to ensure that the goods they purchase are not make in foreign or domestic sweatshops. In 1992, the organization established the International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC), which has implemented more than 600 action programs in 27 countries. The goal of these programs is to prevent and fight child labor by helping children withdraw from work in selected villages, provide keep up services for the children and their families, and change community attitudes towards child labor.Putting an end to child labor requires changes on many fronts, especially on attitudes about child labor and the worlds poor. To help bring about changes in attitudes, activists in many countries are raising awareness that child labor violates fundamental human rights.