The Growth And Decline Of Bebop Media Essay

The Growth And Dec railroad Of bonk Media Essay counteracting wind medicine has existed for nearly 100 years producing some subgenres of unison and evolving demeanors along the way starting with Ragtime in the late 1890s early 1920s, moving on to the prominence of the giant band, to the syncopated observe of get about (that led to the mainstream popularity of Jazz) during the 1930s. These progressions in Jazz led to the formation of a new subgenre, whop.Swing harmony brought deuce main developments to the Jazz genre firstly throwing Jazz into the limelight, and secondly becoming a popular type of Jazz music people could dance to. How invariably, the conformity of Swing constrained Musicians freedom to experiment and work personal acclaim with the opportunity to play aviate passages. The frustration this led some Jazz musicians to branch out and develop a music genre known as Be hump.This new expressive style of Jazz (named bash but often referred to as bop or Rebop) emerged in the main, from Swing bands round the 1940s. The music placed larger emphasis on technique, speed and complex harmonies than swing making it round impossible to dance to which was the intention of the musicians who wanted their music to be appreciated through listening. Despite this causing oft controversy, musicians were content with the longer aviate time and smaller band sizes this style offered. Historically, trip the light fantastic is referred to as the first upstart Jazz style originating in New York, through such artists as Charlie Parker, Thelonious Monk, ridiculous Gillespie, Kenny Clarke and Charlie Christian. The freedom of this style soon attracted other musicians drawn to its complexity, lack of structure and rattling experimental style Musicians often used different types of ornamentation to aid the complex melodies and harmonies. Features such as comping, sliding, parallel octaves (often borrowed from cushy by guitar), improvisation and emphasis on the 3rd and 7th notes of a consort, were all common features of Bebop.2. The progress of BebopBebop music, whose roots be founded in Swing, began to emerge in the mid 1940s when musicians became prevent with swing and began working on a new, more(prenominal) technical type of Jazz. Its growth and development go on until around 1955. Aimed at destabilising swing music and excluding the little talented, white musicians that had latched onto what had once been a black existence bebop was seen as a chaotic revolution in the Jazz genre. In his book, Jazz 101, Szwed states that, To non-jazz fans or swing devotees, bop was a musical affront, a deliberate provocation, a scandal.3 pg161Another contributing grammatical constituent to the mature of Bebop was the commercialisation of swing music and its change magnitude status as the Pop music of America4 pg162 when it had antecedently been seen as more ethnic, alternative type of music. This commercialisation led to Swing bec oming more focussed on pleasing mainstream audiences and making money.Bop originated in New York as artists who were already cont shoemakers last large shows in the city would often find smaller venues to practice and refine the more technical aspects of the music. Bars and clubs that were often too small for the dancing encouraged by swing were perfect for the groups of 4-6 musicians call for for a Bebop combo. One of the more famous venues for the development of Bebop was Mintons playhouse where many clam up sessions took place involving renowned musicians and some of the around famous Bebop music was played.3. The influences leading to the evolution of BebopPolitical/Economic/SocialDuring this time in narrative a number of political, social and frugal factors can be seen as influential and relevant to the ways in which Jazz music evolved. Firstly, racialism and a lack of civil rights had a significant impact on black African American communities and black musicians were no exception. The studyity of black musicians struggled to profit in the music industry and White musicians were alleged(a) to have frequently stolen black musicians ideas. Furthermore, many black musicians were prevented from performing concerts or recording their music.Secondly, World state of war II had a significant impact on Jazz as a entirely collectible to musicians that played in plumping bands being drafted into the army.Thirdly, the economic depression during this time made life hard. some families did not have enough money to live and feed themselves. There were frequent riots in major cities, led by black people revolting against their terrible living conditions and unjust treatment. In channel, increasing industrialism and mass production significantly reduced prices of products such as radios and cars. Most households owned a radio which made Jazz Music more accessible to the mainstream including young, impressionable artists who were able to listen to their idols .Musician resourceAs previously mentioned, one of the largest contributing factors to the growth of Bebop music was musicians frustration with swing and big bands. Despite the generic success of swing music through its easy melodies and dance like feel, many artists felt unfulfilled when playacting it. There were constraints on what they could play with entirely when a few musicians having the pass to solo for short periods. Many performers believed their music should be appreciated through listening rather than dancing. accomplished and experienced musicians wanted to exclude amateur musicians joining in with mash sessions and thus invented more elaborate, complex ways of playing that only professional musicians could accomplish.What changed? The developments from Swing to BebopBand sizesBebop was seen as a more collaborative and intimate type of music than Swing with bands consisting of only 4-6 musicians thus allowing for niftyer coherence between musicians and more tim e dedicated to individuals soloing. In addition, the musicians would often play off one other trading fourths, which involved the soloist exchanging a 4 intercept progression with another musician or the drummer. This was very engaging to audiences. Bop became music for the elite rather than the masses and was associated with more accomplished and skilled musicians.Chances for soloing collectable to smaller band sizes, Jazz musicians were given longer component disrupts for soloing including bassists and drummers which was very appealing to musicians who had previously been playing wide beats or agrees in the puntground. The band would play a melody before individual musicians would solo over the nisuss chord progression, making the melody secondary, with a greater emphasis on solos.Instruments and RhythmThe rise of Bebop music saw the end of rhythm guitar and clarinet. The typical big band size of 10 or more musicians was reduced to 4-6, and often did not include more than one of each instrument. A typical Bop combo would consist of drums, double bass, easygoing and either a guitar, trumpet or saxophone. Rhythm guitar was only used for accompanying another instrument during its solo, when other musicians would be playing a complex melody or head in consonance. Bassists would play a walking bass inception that consists of a mixture of outperform tones (arpeggios or chromatic runs) that outline the chord progression of the nervous strain. Drummers relied less on the kick drum and more on the cymbals to carry the often complex and fast paced rhythm. For example Nicas day-dream (a song played by many artists) switches between 4/4 Latin or samba and 4/4 Swing, creating a complex rhythm.Above are the two different rhythms used during the song Nicas DreamThere was significant emphasis placed on the 1st and 3rd beats of the band by musicians during the swing era. However, during the Bebop period, the rhythmic prominence changed to the 2nd and 4th beat s of the measure. These techniques created a feel of solos (characteristic of Bebop music) being more free and less rigidly tied into the song. This genre was characterised in grapheme by its unpredictable rhythms.The plates, notation and approach to playingAlthough the approach to playing and soloing was different in Bebop in comparison to swing, most sections played were based on the melody of a song. Bop musicians diligent chromatics and favoured the use of the 3rd, 5th, and flat 7th notes of the chords for improvisation. The faster tempo made the music more frantic and unwearying which also led to a greater display of musicians technical talent. The use of harmony became significantly less fashionable for the greater part of the Bebop period and most melodies or heads were played in unison. Guitarists incorporate the use of unison octaves (made famous by Wes Montgomery) for solos.Song AnalysisThe postdateing two songs are great examples of Bebop music, containing many of th e features commonly associated with this genreBillies BounceRecorded in 1945, Billies bounce is a through composed Jazz- discolour song written by Charlie Parker. The song was recorded by a quintet consisting of a young Miles Davis, Curley Russell on bass, lightheaded Gillespie on piano and Max Roach on drums. The song is in F major or D for alto sax and 4/4 time. The general chord progression of the song is in F blues, however the canorous tonality of the head and the solos are more characteristic of Jazz and the tempo, indicative of Bebop. It is described as a Bebop head over a variation of the 12-measure blues progression in which a I-VI-II-V7 substitutes for V7 V7- IV7, IV in the last six measure. The light, frothing piano intro from Dizzy Gillespie outlines the beat and style of the song. This is followed by the head that is played in unison 3rds and octaves with both the saxophone and trumpet. In debar 11 and 12 we see a repeat of the in the beginning 2 note theme seen in parallel bars 2 and 3 to end the head. Throughout the melody at that place are examples of chromatics and slurred triplet notes that are seen later during the solos. The first 7 bars of the song are in standard F blues however in bar 8 there is an Am7, followed by an Abm7. This chromatically sets up the Gm7 in bar 9. A standard blues would see bar 9 and 10 contain the chords C7 and Bb7 respectively, but Billies bounce extends the C7 over 2 bars and then re-harmonizes it with a standard II-V7 progression that turns to F in the last 2 bars.The beginning of the first solo sees a chromatic passing note between the G and A and again between the Bb and C. At the end of the second bar the notes of the chord Dm7/C are played over the Bb7 chord. In the third bar, Charlie Parker uses the notes of the Eb Mixolydian scale of measurement. The endeavour of the whole song is highly arpeggiated in both directions and there is some trace of a gradually movement. Parker used a licks-based approa ch to the solo however he was also very adept at altering the licks already in his vocabulary and changing them in more creative ways. He had a very flexible sense of harmonic placement that allowed him to change the duration of chords by either strike them early or prolonging them and even sometimes adding progressions that were not part of the accompaniment.Above is a list of the strike tone lines for measures 1-7 as notes in a staff. Above the staff are chord options implied by Parker occasionally. cardinal on Six Wes MontgomeryFour on six is a Bebop Jazz foot written by Wes Montgomery. The song is in Bb major and 4/4 time. The Harmony is based around the intro made entirely of 5ths and played in unison with the bass and piano. The intro that precedes the solo sections, sees the drums playing a simple crotchet rhythm on alternate cymbals to create a 2/2 feel. Following the intro of 5ths, Wes plays a small shift that consists of the four chords Bbmaj7, Gm7, Gm11, Am11 and D7( 9). The chords played in the break are similar to those that form the intro of 5ths, but are however played of a much smaller time frame. After the break there is a Small melody. This modal melody line moves around the notes of Gm9. The backing chords for the melody are the same as those seen in the first 2 bars of the song, however the Gm now includes the 7th note a note often used in bebop scales and songs. The melody is followed by a II V chord sequence with strong accents. These II V chords follow the harmony of the intro. The chords used are Cm9, F7(9b11), Bbm9, Eb7(11b9), Am9, D7(11b9), Ebm9 and Ab9(11). The chord sequence is descending and contains many chromatic notes that are very characteristic of bebop music. After the melody and chord sequence the solo section of the song begins. The chord accompaniment for this section is very similar to that of the intro. The chords cycle through 4 bars of Gm7, then simplified version of the descending sequence. For improvisation over the solo section there are a few scales that Wes Montgomery generally used that fit his style and way of playing. Over the Gm7 part Wes would use a G Dorian scale consisting of the notes G, A, Bb, C, D, E and F. Wes made sure that he was ever confined to one position on the neck and therefore learned the scale across the whole guitar neck. An alternative to the Dorian scale is the G minor pentatonic scale with or without the blues notes. This scale consists of the notes G, Bb, C, Db (blues), D and F. The blues notes are used to slide from the C to the D. The advantage of the pentatonic scale in this situation is that all of the notes are either the root notes of the chords or a note at heart the chords of the song. Wes uses many of his signature licks during his solos and even throws different styles into the mix.Above is an example of simple melody that includes a big jump across the fret board of the guitar. It uses a Gm(7) arpeggio with extensions. Wes also uses other styles suc h as blues in his solos. Below are two examples of this.This is a unison-interval blues clich played over the Gm7/maj7 and C7 chords. There are two hammer-ons and pull-offs during the melody to make a faster, smoother transition between notes.Above is a serial publication of four repeated II-Vs. In the theme the dominating chords contain a natural 9 and exquisite 11 (F911). The scale played over these chords is a melodic minor scale. Over the Cm7 and F7 a C melodic minor scale can be played, however the name of this scale over the F7 is the Lydian dominant scale (5th mode of the melodic minor). Wes Montgomery doesnt think in scales for this part but in melodic patterns. Because the tempo is so fast this is an advantage as fast tempos make scales difficult to play musically. He frequently plays a pattern on the first II V and transposes it down the neck for the embossment of the II Vs.FeaturesThe evolution to Bebop music created many stylistic changes and new musical features, whi ch not only livened up the music but made it more contemporary, and distinguished the more accomplished musicians. The melodies were different from those previously associated with Jazz and were the base for most improvisational solos.ScalesJazz musicians typically used complex scales for their solos. The generic Bebop scale was made by adding either a major 7 to a Mixolydian scale or a major 3 to a Dorian scale. For solos, musicians preferred to use the 1, 3, 5 and flat 7th notes of the scale. spokesperson of a C Major Bebop ScaleThe freedom of the melodies and complex chords of Bop opened up new possibilities for soloing. Musicians could play over the whole register of their instruments and find notes in any range that fitted into the chord progression aided through the use of chromatics. Musicians used other scales such as the blues or enclosed scales (which use the technique enclosure- taking a note and playing one note higher up it and one note below before arriving at the not e you were targeting.)CompingAlthough Rhythm guitar had essentially been excluded from Bebop bands, it was in time used when accompanying a soloist through the comping (staccato chord playing) technique. However, as Bebop did not often follow a simple time signature, comping was not used frequently. Furthermore, the rhythms used by musicians were commonly irregular and thus the regular strumming pattern of comping may have disturbed the soloist.Chord melodySome musicians played solo arrangements by simultaneously playing chords in the background and the melody over the top. This was most commonly associated with piano and guitar.Decline of BebopEconomicAlthough considered a significant musical achievement by many musicians, by the 1950s bop music had begun to decline partly due to its lack of commercial viability and niche food market appeal. Variety magazine, an entertainment trade magazine based in New York reported Bop is a flop in late 1949. Many musicians such as Charlie Barn et, Benny Goodman and Woody Herman (who was $175,000 in debt) had to break up their bands during this decline. modify Jazz and Hard bopThe decline of Bebop music served as a platform for 2 new subgenres in Jazz. Firstly, Cool Jazz which was developed by many bop musicians such as Chet Baker, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie and newer musicians such as Dave Brubeck and Gerry Mulligan was a direct contrast to bop with its more relaxed tempo, lighter tone and more traditional harmonies. In response to this progression and to maintain some of the features of Bebop, another subgenre developed known as Hard bop. This music was less extreme than Bebop music, had a more soulful feel rooted in traditional African and Blues music but still incorporating many phrases and notes from Bebop. These differences made Hard bop more accessible to beginner musicians and brought back a rhythm section.ArtistsMany artists that had been prominent during the Bebop era such as John Coltrane, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk and Charlie Parker continued playing into the Hard bop and Cool Jazz period that subsequently followed. The most prominent cross-over artist of the two genres was Miles Davis who became very popular and well-known, especially with the release of his record Birth of Cool which was acclaimed within the Jazz world.ConclusionAt the height of its popularity, Bebop introduced many innovations into the world of not only Jazz, but other genres of music. It changed the way musicians and listeners alike viewed Jazz and opened up many doorways to other styles, genres and artists. Bebop music has been an innovation and the ideas that have been created are still used to this day. In modern day jam sessions, Bebop is one of the most employed genres due to its small band sizes and simple structure (melody followed by solos). It gives many musicians the chance to improvise and explore different avenues of Jazz, allowing for the progression of new music in the modern indu stry. Even After its decline, bop music is still influencing instrumentalists and their music todayBibliographyWebsiteshttp//library.thinkquest.org/18602/history/bop/bopstart.htmlhttp//www.scaruffi.com/history/jazz8.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebophttp//www.jazzguitar.be/bebopscale.htmlhttp//www.jazzguitar.be/bebop.htmlhttp//www.jazzquotations.com/2010/05/brief-history-of-bebop.html (function() var scribd = document.createElement(script) scribd.type = text/javascript scribd.async = true scribd.src = https//www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js var s = document.getElementsByTagName(script)0 s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s) )() http//leadsheetmusic.com/multifakebooks.brooklyn/01_Fake_and_Real_Books/Play_Along/Vol_62_Wes_Montgomery_v2.pdfhttp//www.hypermusic.ca/jazz/bop.htmlhttp//answers.yahoo.com/ wonder/index?qid=20090202152858AAjScZJhttp//www.mattwarnockguitar.com/bebop-scale-patterns-for-guitarhttp//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-bebop-music.htmhttp//w ww.kennedy-center.org/programs/jazz/ambassadors/Lesson6.htmlhttp//www.jazzguitar.com/lessons.htmlhttp//books.google.co.nz/books?id=hNTLZ3bpBFcCpg=PA447lpg=PA447dq=decline+of+bebopsource=blots=_GLiz0J9Zpsig=6xcoNDngRNtGHsXwTlJc81fek54hl=ensa=Xei=MdTFT9mfFcHYigeSs62hAwved=0CFkQ6AEwAw v=onepageq=decline%20of%20bebopf=falsehttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Montgomeryhttp//www.jazzguitar.be/premium-issue-1.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_guitarhttp//www.jazzguitarlessons.net/jazz-improvisation-2.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar Creating_lead_guitar_lineshttp//www.guitarplayer.com/article/jazz-picking-and-phrasing/663http//www.theguitarschool.com/CharlieParker.htmlhttp//airjudden.tripod.com/jazz/styles.htmlhttp//www.learning-charlie-parker.com/licks.phphttp//web.archive.org/web/20070812145101/http//www.vervemusicgroup.com/history.aspx?hid=20http//teacher.scholastic.com/activities/bhistory/history_of_jazz.htm (function() var scribd = document.createElement(script) scribd.type = text/javascript scribd.async = true scribd.src = https//www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js var s = document.getElementsByTagName(script)0 s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s) )() http//www.jazzinamerica.org/LessonPlan/5/5/230http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassline Walking_basshttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bophttp//www.timeisonourside.com/STBop.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_jazzhttp//forums.allaboutjazz.com/showthread.php?t=37646http//forum.saxontheweb.net/showthread.php?35319-BeBop-HardBophttp//www.jazzinamerica.org/LessonPlan/8/6/211http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/music/popular_music/jazz3.shtmlhttp//answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080228152849AAQMyaThttp//xroads.virginia.edu/asi/musi212/margaret/martist.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-V-I_turnaroundJazzhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-V-I_turnaroundJazzhttp//www.musicbanter.com/jazz-blues/58195-jazz-progression-2-5-1-a.htmlhttp//peterspitzer.blogspot.co.nz/2011/07/analysi s-of-charlie-parkers-billies.htmlhttp//ebmusicman.blogspot.co.nz/2008/03/billies-bounce-part-1.htmlhttp//s130.photobucket.com/albums/p261/liquidtensionxpr/blog/?action=viewcurrent=billiesbounce-simplified-part1.jpghttp//s130.photobucket.com/albums/p261/liquidtensionxpr/blog/?action=viewcurrent=reharm-04b.gifhttp//www.jazzguitar.be/billies_bounce_lesson.htmlBooksRoads of Jazz Peter BoleJazz A history of Americas music Geoffrey C. defend and Ken BurnsThe Chronicle of Jazz Mervyn CookeDiscographySong Played byNicas Dream Wes Montgomery mental strain up Miles DavisAiregin Sonny RollinsFour on Six Wes MontgomeryBillies Bounce Charlie Parker

Social Work In Livelihoods And Social Entrepreneurship Sociology Essay

Social Work In reinforce workforcets And Social Entrepreneurship Sociology EssayLivelihood in every day discourse refers to the means by which volume make a living it is the means to secure the grassroots necessities of life. A animation comprises the capabilities, additions and activities ask for a means of living (DFID, 1999). The UK Department of global Development (1999) United Nations Development Programme (2010) adopts the definition given by Chambers Conroy (1991)A Livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities questd for a means of living. A upkeep is sustainable when it arse lintel with and recover from stress and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both without delay and in the future, while not undermining the natural resource base.People need a range of sustainment assets to achieve positive livelihood outcomes and no single category of assets on its own is sufficient to y ield each(prenominal) the mankindy and varied outcomes that citizenry check outk. (The Sustainable Livelihood Framework, DFID). This framework identifies quintet main with child(p)s or asset categories upon which livelihoods ar built (Human uppercase, Social capital, inherent capital, Physical capital and financial capital), possession or right to occasion and manage these assets is necessary for a positive livelihood outcome of an singular or base. The ability to price of admission, rule, and own prolific livelihood assets such as world, labour, finance, and social capital urge on pile in creating firm and productive livelihood outcomes (Meinzen-Dick et al. 2011). Assets put up a constructive impact on livelihood security, it affects livelihood through different channels. Assets may havely impact rise up beingness through the increased status and empowerment that asset leadpower conveys facilitate different members of the crime syndicate to opt different l ivelihood strategies provides a guard net against shocks and reinforces folk members positions in the broader community and in stead the ho theatrical role attain in terms of decisions over how income is used up or invested (Meinzen-Dick et al. 2011). The mannequins of asset ownership argon integral to livelihood choices that decide how commodities be tradeed or consumed inwardly a house intromit. Assets rear be used in varying slipway to generate income through rents, interest on savings, and profits in barter activities, assets withal make possible participation of the idiosyncratic or place in financial markets, deal banking facilities which can be used as collateral for credit. (Swaminathan et al. 2012). The break of assets is significant since it can be sold or used as a security for credit to survive with the unsought or unwanted effects of stinting shocks. By providing aid to income diversification of a home plate, assets alike reinforce households capacity to deal with, and counter proscribe shocks (Quisumbing, 2008, Cited in Swaminathan et al. 2012). When it comes to women, As ethnicly based expectations of the roles, responsibilities and behaviours of women and men argon charge to men and women in the society, and as society sees women primarily in sexual activity stereotyped roles, it is chief(prenominal) to analyse livelihoods from a gender perspective and to see how far women argon able to plan of attack these resources to sustain their livelihood.In universal, men and women have different levels of control and assess to the resources required for livelihood. Womens work choices are to a great extent limited by a six-fold factors such as access to education, family expectations, gendered roles and responsibilities and the over altogether livelihood feeler of the household (Basu and Thomas 2009). Gender inequality is present and apparent throughout unquestionable and developing societies in varying forms and degrees. Wo men in general and poor women in particular, are underprivileged of basic economic opportunities and rights which are super acidly in stock(predicate) to men. thither populate a heavy(a) inequalities and disparities between men and women in terms of access to basic facilities, such as nutrition, health and education, as well as access to employment and possession of heterogeneous income generating resources (Chavan 2008). non and unequally distribution of assets between rich and poor exist, in that status exist an unequal distribution of assets between men and women, at the national level as well as within communities and households (Deere and Doss, 2006, cited in Meinzen-Dick. et al, 2011). explore shows that within households, assets are not always pooled, but rather can be held individually by men, women, and children (Haddad et al. 1997, Cited in Meinzen-Dick et al. 2011, p 3). Who within a household has the access to which resources and for what purposes is determine d both by the larger socio cultural context and by intra household distribution regulations (Meinzen-Dick et al. 2011). Different allocation of the resources among man and women is determined by the larger socio cultural context, and women in general are deprived of economically productive resources. Asset ownership by women can have a positive impact on their status and dicker power, and thereby enhance individual and household well-being (Swaminathan et al. 2012, p 60). opus women may have greater ownership of certain types of assets as compared to men, a growing body of empirical evidence shows that women typically have less overall assets than men (Meinzen-Dick et al. 2011, p 4). Agriculture is one of the major sources of livelihood for m each man and women in many developing countries. It is a critical productive asset in agrarian country, on the other hand, women are deprived of ownership rights and control land and lesser number of women has direct access to land in their own right (Velayudhan 2009). In India, landownership by women is not more than 2% (Agarwal, 1994, Cited in Velayudhan 2009, p 74). An Inter-national Centre for search on Women (ICRW, 2006) hit the books found that of 402 surveyed women in Kerala, 36% owned airplane propeller (land or house) while in West Bengal, this figure was 35% in a sample of 450 women(Swaminathan et al. 2012, p 60). A survey of 400 households conducted in four districts in Karnataka in 2001 found that women in households that owned land had access to land, but rarely had ownership rights to it (Brown et al 2002, Cited in Swaminathan et al. 2012, p 60).The question conducted by in Karnataka, India Hema, Suchitra, and Lahoti (2011) shows gendered ownership of assets among man and women, where jewellery was the common and only asset directly owned by women. In Karnataka Women do not own assets by themselves they co-own assets with some or all household members. Jewellery is the only asset that they own indiv idually and which shows a revolutionise gender gap. Since jewellery is often pawned or sold during economic crises, it leaves women asset less and more vulnerable even as it provides a grapple strategy for households (Swaminathan et al. 2012, p 65). Seeing at the limitations in access, ownership and control of assets by women there is less probability for women to convert these assets into livelihood opportunities, specially when women do not own and manage them.When livelihood is concerned, access to banking serve is one crucial demesne. There exist gender disparities between man and women when it comes to banking services. While basic banking services are spreading in India, women are largely deprived of the basic banking service. In India, the available data boulder clay 2006 show that women at large remain considerably deprived of basic banking services as compared to men (Chavan 2008, p 18). If we consider credit supplied, only about 12 per cent of the individual bank l oan accounts belonged to women in 2006 in the same year, women constituted about half of Indias population (48.4 per cent).The rest 88 per cent of the individual bank loan accounts were held by men (Chavan 2008, p 18). Also The substantial offset in women-members of self-help hosts has not meant any major change in the access of women to banking (Chavan 2008, p 18). Another research done by Meenakshi, Vani, Manojit (2011) by examining the National Sample Survey administration unit record data pertaining to debt and investment (59th round) shows that the relatively weaker sections such as self employed egg-producing(prenominal) headed households have much less access to credit both from starchy and open sources.Gender is found to childs play a very significant role for both amount of income earn as well as the likelihood of an individual being employed. Women in India are found to have a 12 per cent pass up likelihood of being employed than men. But even among the employed, female yearbook incomes are likely to be lower by 36 per cent than otherwise similar males (Bhandari and Bordoloi 2006, p 3895). Which shows the very fact that there exist gendered discrimination in compass market. Gender also plays a of the essence(p) role in distribution and division of tire out, in the research conducted by Neetu C, Parthasarathy D (2007) in two villages in Nanded, Maharastra, India, reveals the clear cut division of labor between men and women. Women were found broadly to execute tasks which require so-called feminine endurance and patience. Al close households works were performed by women disregarding of whether they work and earn outside or not which shows the roles and responsibilities assigned to women define by the larger socio cultural context and by the household. And even among net workers, they were paid less as compared to male counterparts for similar work. From various angles women are subjugated limiting their opportunities for livelihood , and the general scenario of women is grim as far as their livelihoods are concerned, starting from assets ownership, opportunities to work, gendered assigned role and responsibilities limiting them to house hold works, access to credits from banking institutions etc and one important facial expression is that shocks like fall apart or finis of a married man can lead to women losing their assets particularly in cases where marriage is governed under customary laws that do not cheer womens right to property (Peterman 2010, cited in Meinzen-Dick et al. 2011, p 11). So there is utmost chance of women being vulnerable with limited resources when they are single and psyche a house alone.It is in this context that the study of the widows affected by build up conflict is being proposed they are very vulnerable group, their husband or spouses had died in encounters by the state police or force or killed by non state actors. These widows are those struggling to survive without thei r husband. subsequently the sock of their husbands death these widows in Manipur are struggling hard for their childrens future, contend against the stigma and isolation of a young widow of a pretend man (Lierde 2011). Meanwhile, the state, which has abdicated its responsibilities on all fronts, treats them as garbage, as trouble makers, as bad elements who must watch their step and, above all, need not to bother to crook to the state for a widows pension or for support for their fatherless children (Lierde 2011, p 14). Seeing the exposure women face in general and this section of women in particular the research proposes to study livelihoods, their vulnerabilities and the gender constrains.A brief review of literatureManipur in general the most important employment generating institution is the government institutions, due to lesser number of formal private domains in the market, mostly people opt for informal sector for their livelihood, and farm based activities, so the l iterature review section bequeath be mainly on informal sector and womens livelihood. There is midget information in the literature about the day-to-day activities of women in the informal labor market (Basu and Thomas 2009, p 234).Dramatic reductions in care barriers during the past 10 years have caused unprecedented economic growth in India. Little is known about the impact of globalization on the informal labor market, especially the impact on women (Basu and Thomas 2009, p 231). The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (NCEUS) (2007) reports that roughly 79 per cent of informal sector workers earn less than Rs.20 (less than $0.5) per day, making them the most vulnerable group in the economy (Basu and Thomas 2009, p 231). There is a high chance for Women to work in informal sector, like in Manipur majority of the street vendors are women, and there is an specific market for women vendors called Ima keithel (Ima is a vernacular word which means mother, and keithel means market) and women are also be likely to be segregated into the lower segments of the informal labor market, which are characterized by lower earnings and a high hazard of poverty (Basu and Thomas 2009). The informal sector offers employment to a large proportion of the populations of developing countries, including India. This is particularly true for women since the informal sector, and situation-based work specifically, offer poor women their best fortune for work. This is because it provides the flexibility in work hours and location that they require to incorporate market work into their actual family work burdens as well as into the social norms regulating womens economic participation (Kantor 2002, p 285). A key constrain to women, in particular, for employability in the formal sector is lack of education, and also womens conventional function within the household limits the opportunity and keeps them in the informal sector (Basu and Thomas 2009). (Kantor 2002) pointed there major women pocket constrains in their economic opportunities, first is the limited mobility, which comes from the border socio cultural and traditional context and reinforced by gendered roles assigned to women within the household. This has serious signification limiting womens economic potential second is the womens more demanding role in the family as compared to man. Limited mobility effects women directly and indirectly in their economic progress, directly they are more likely to work in the home or near the vicinity of her home because of their assigned house hold works, and indirectly limiting economic success because of the work burden on the time, energy, and concentration levels they can apply to the market third is the gendered division of labor in productive work which limits the number of opportunities to work available to women. turn of female headed households(Buvini and Gupta 1997) pointed out the problems with defining and measuring female he aded households, first is the use of different definitions of both the term household and head of household by different countries in their census instruments. Second is the ambiguity inherent in the term head of household when the headship is assigned by the judgement of the household members which may differ across culture and geography, The third and perhaps most serious limitation is that the term head of household is not neutral. It is load with additional meanings that reflect a traditional emphasis on households as undifferentiated units with a patriarchal system of governance and no interior(a) conflicts in the allocation of resources (Nancy F 1990, Cited in Buvini and Gupta 1997).Three situations in which results in emergence of female-heads (a) The broad range of domestic situations generally characterised by the absence of a resident male head, viz, widowhood, divorce, separation and desertion. (b) Male migration for long periods generally for economic activities livin g behind wives, and (c) resident male losing economic function due to severe unemployment, disability, illness etc (Buvinic Youssef 1978, Cited in Lingam 1994, p 699). Women who head households are triply disadvantaged as they experience the burdens of poverty, gender discrimination, and nonexistence of support as heads of household (Buvini and Gupta 1997).Female headed household and poverty(Buvini and Gupta 1997) pointed out the relation of female headed household and povertyHere the main earners of female-headed families are by slackness women, who have lower average earnings as compared to men, they possess less or no assets at all which is economically productive, and limited access to remunerative jobs and employment. This gendered economic gap adds to the economic vulnerability of female-headed families.Combined with household structure and gendered differences in economic opportunity, make the female headed household starring(p) to poverty.Rationale of the studyWomen bei ng one of the vulnerable group in the society, and the group that the tec is studying have lost their daily carbohydrate earner which makes them more vulnerable.Most literature has spoken about rage inflicted towards women in Manipur and less about their vulnerability and livelihoods insecurity.The research could be a useful insight on livelihood intervention programs by various agencies giving and insight about the realities faced by the widows affected by gird conflict in sustaining their livelihoods.Objectives of the studyTo study the livelihood pattern of widows affected by armed conflictTo study the livelihoods vulnerability experient the widows affected by armed conflict.To ascertain how gender constrains limits the opportunity of their livelihood.The resolution of state and non state agencies towards them concerning to their livelihood.Conceptual frame workMany approach or theoretical framework to analyze and to understand vulnerability and livelihoods has been develope d and most of them attempt to understand peoples vulnerability to contingency specifically. The approaches take incident/hazard vulnerabilities as the starting point and seeing livelihoods as an aspect of the problem (Twigg 2001)During late 1980s and early 1990s two important conceptual models to analyze vulnerability were developed to understand vulnerability to disaster and from reducing it. One is the capacities and vulnerability framework analysis which basically is a round-eyed matrix for viewing peoples vulnerabilities and capacities in three broad unified areas. i.e. physical/material, social/organizational and motivational/attitudinal. In this model livelihoods is cover into physical/motivational category, which shows livelihood not in the center of discussion, if livelihoods has to be analyzed the model needs to develop specific indicator.Second is the insistence and release model of two opposing forces, on one side the progression of vulnerability i.e. root causes, dy namic pressure and unsafe condition, and on one side hazard which leads to vulnerability. Both of these attempts to address vulnerability towards disaster, and livelihood is not the prime focus (Twigg 2001).So for this particular study, the student/tec exit use the Sustainable Livelihood Framework to analyze the vulnerability and livelihood. The sustainable livelihood framework or SL framework begins with a organic evolution standpoint and puts livelihoods at the centre of the analysis, which is fitting with the proposed study. This framework takes into account all kinds of vulnerability as part of the context in which livelihoods are determine or influenced.CUsersKulajitDesktopsf.gifSources http//www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5808e/y5808e07.gifThe SL framework begins with the vulnerability context in which people live and the five livelihood assets that people posses, then it takes into account how changing structures and processes which in turn generates livelihood strategies. Livel ihood strategies is the basic coping acquisition or strategy people adopt within this three context, i.e. vulnerability, assets people own and the transforming structures and processes and finally the livelihood outcome which in turn affects the livelihood assets.The proposed study is located within the Sustainable Livelihood Framework, it seeks to examine the family relationship between the widow, their livelihoods, and how this this is conditioned by the various livelihood assets or capital which is also determined by the broder socio cultural and political structures, as well as the study will also look into the institutional utensil (both state and nongovernmental organizations) impacting them in their livelihoods. The conceptual frame work of the study is outlined as followsThrough this framework it will take into account the vulnerability context within which these widows live, like shocks after the death of their husband, trends like the current armed conflict and the tr ends in the governance and politics of Manipur, which in turns have impact on the strengths and capacities in the form of livelihood assets, like in a highly patriarchal society where land rights are denied to the women, death of the husband can lead women asset less which in turn may limit their livelihood opportunities. The transforming structures and process which include laws and policies and NGOs support which also affects their assets base. Within these three contexts which affects their livelihood base this frame work will look into the livelihood strategies they adopt and finally the livelihood outcomemethodological analysis of the researchThe area of study will be in Imphal which is the capital of Manipur, the student is selecting this particular area because Manipur has been witnessing armed conflict for decades with the emergence of armed self determination movement during late 40s and the approach of Indian recount by imposing laws like AFSPA 1958 has only worsen the si tuation. The situation has off-key into an ugly face with many ethnic based armed groups emerge with their own agendas. This has disrupted many in all aspects of their lives, and it is because of this ongoing armed conflict these widows have been generated and within this context the research will study the livelihood of widows affected by armed conflict. By widows of the grease-gun, It refers to those widows whose husband or spouses have died in encounter killings by state forces/army or by the armed non state actors.The universe of the research will be the widows affected by armed conflict registered in an Imphal based NGO named Manipur Women Gun Survivors Network which is working for the widows affected by armed conflict, As the researcher has time constrain with regard to data collection the area of research is limited to Imphal and the sample size will be 10 to 15 widows. Sampling will be done using simple random sampling so that individuals have the same probability of bein g chosen at any stage during the sampling process.The proposed research will be a qualitative one. This is because the study of the livelihood vulnerability, these particular group faces will require a lot of observations on the part of the researcher and the data will have to be gathered through observant the norms and the life activities of the respondents.Unstructured in-depth hearinging technique will be used to interview the respondents about their perceptions and views regarding their day-to-day livelihood activities. Through this interview, the overall nature of the vulnerabilities and the risks that the widows of the gun face will be ascertained. Though the in-depth interviews will be individual interviews, it will take into context the broader socio cultural and the household context of the individuals.Limitations of the researchAs the research is a MA Research Dissertation which is a part of the course curriculum, the outcomes of the study will be indicative and cannot be generalised.

Business Communication Systems Evaluation

blood communion Systems EvaluationOriston CunninghamManaging Communications, experience and educationJiggs $ Riggs ace Stores LtdTable of Content (Jump to) executive director SummaryIntroductionDiscuss the Range of Decisions to TakenExamine the study and Knowledge needful to ensure Effective Decision taking appreciate inwrought and external sources of selective learning and understanding apologise Recommendation for hold dearReferencesExecutive SummaryBusiness ProfileSucker Business Consulting LtdHas everyplace thirty years of experience which head office is establish in New Kingston the blood line hub of Jamaica with functional offices across the Caribbean. We pride ourselves with the advantagees of our guest base of over 2,500 argumentation little, sm any and medium sized crinklees that rank in our trusted professional consulting expertise to put them on a maturation itinerary, increase surgeryal qualification and a sustainable, profitability and taxation trajectory. We atomic number 18 a vexation of diverse professionals expertise with a focalise to eliminate the complexity of problems faced by our client business and alter business solution that im interpreter enable them to operate in a diversely competitive business surroundings.Business ProfileJIGGS $ RIGGS exceedingly Stores LtdJIGGS Super Stores Ltd is a family ingest business enterprise that has three outlets located in the parishes of Kinston, Manchester and St. James of the island of Jamaica. Great grant father JIGGS as he was passionately called by his family and friends had started a gross revenue business out his garage in Kingston where he sold clothes, shoes and home accessories to the surrounding communities. The business expanded to the extent where he began to postulate around with a pitching van and drop off rambles to his loyal customers, he later yokeed partnership with a returning resident passionately called Riggs hence the conjure JIGGS $ RIGGS Super Stores Ltd. The offset printing location was on Trafalgar road Kingston, The business grew to the extent where they felt the need to cargon for early(a) customers therefore the 2 other locations in Manchester and St. James. Both men had died and the business passed on their grandchildren Byron and Simeon who ar co-managers of JIGGS $ RIGGS Super Stores Ltd.The recent exertions of all three stores have declined steadily for former(prenominal) three years. The young partners tried a number of measures to stabilize the business cut head count, extend operating hours, Increase longer defrayment circumstances and even turn off the air conditioning during operation hours but still operating at a loss and bewray to breakeven. The co-managers have called a meeting and finally decided to sell and our client Private Partners (a group of small investors).The current financial position of JIGGS $ RIGGS Super Stores Ltd is as follows. pecuniary situation of Jiggs $ Riggs Super St ores LtdINDUSTRY STANDARDJuly 2014July 2013July 2012July 2011 taxation$8400000$2500000$2600000$2400000COST OF SALES40%($3200000)($1500000)($1600000)($1500000)GROSS PROFIT60%$5200000$ meg$1000000$900000EXPENSES30%($2800000)($2400000)($2400000)($2300000)NET PROFIT30%$2400000-$1400000-$1400000-$1400000Introduction search BackgroundThe business environment is regulated by laws which guide boldnesss and their operations. The ever changing business environment demands the growth and development of businesses due to free burning aggressive competition and changes in fitet trends, (Klein, 2013). The mergers, acquisitions and take-over of businesses increased due to the growth of medium sized companies in their current commercialises and expanding their reach to new customers adversely, micro business operators be discouraged due to low financial performance and access to the kind of cash injection that will boost their business outlook. Business acquisition may have some draw backs al so advantages both for the investors acquiring the firm and also for the previous owner(s). There are several legal matters that mustiness be addressed in order for mergers, acquisition, take-overs and investments to take place. The paper will focus on evaluating the existing intercourse systems, designing new conversation strategies to involve all stakeholders to own and drive the new growth changes necessary to put the business on the path to growth. The repot will look at communication terms and how they outho subroutine be use of goods and servicesd by all stakeholders in the business.Germaine to the background of the search questions given, the investigator will establish a consultancy firm and present a case study of a small business Jiggs $ Riggs Super Stores Ltd owned by co-managers Byron and Simeon who have obtained new investors. The main impacts of this study is that for future referencing the look forer will have developed the skills necessary for understanding the relevance of communication indoors the context of business and how to use it to drive change and the general growth of the business.Aims and ObjectivesThe aims and objectives of the research paper are as followsAssess how communication theory, familiarity and randomness can be improved within the business including qualification better use of IT systems.Create strategies to increase personal net licking to widen troth in the decision-making processes in the business.You will develop the communication processes, and improve systems relating to information and experience.Assess how managers in the business can improve the planning of their communicationsprocesses as well as their communication skills and can maintain the information and cognition they gain accessible to other parts of the organization literary works Review(Michael E.D. Koeing) Knowledge Management, (KM) is a concept and a term that arose more than or less two decades ago, roughly in 1990. This suggests that on the eve of the twenty first century and the advent of communication technology, managing communication knowledge and information or simply put knowledge management was seen to be very slender to join the bridges and slang the links for individuals and business. In the early closure of the knowledge management discovery Davenport (1994) originate version of definitionHe sees information management as specialized skill set which is needed by organizations in the promotion and integrated approach to identify, capture, evaluate, retrieve, and disseminate its able assets such(prenominal) as selective informationbases, documents, policies, procedures, and previously un-captured capabilities of the organization.The definitions though similar in spirit are showing information as that vehicle that will add together the message of the organization to internal stakeholders and external stakeholders and will in launch create the intended model for success.Knowledge management fr om an ope intellectual was created within consulting community hence the principles of knowledge management went viral by the consulting organizations to other disciplines. Consulting firms since realized the opportunistic use of the Intranet to create the linkage to narrow the geographically gap and provide a greater dispersion of a knowledge-based organizations.(Steve Denning) hit the contrast in his article (What is Knowledge) between the east and west, the interchangeable use of information and knowledge and the cultural preference of spontaneous knowledge and the rational knowledge. He made the point that knowledge is sticky though information maybe transferable to other persons. In his discussion, the West depicted to carry more to the rational persona of knowledge that is more scientific in nature and disregard on a high scale intuitive knowledge, some may argue the intuitive knowledge is not knowledge at all seeing that it is more implicit and still thus the movement of knowledge from person to person has deemed to be difficult which experience into focus the greater importance of rational knowledge. Polanyi (1975), and Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995). Further discussion that seeks to strengthens the wisdom of knowledge as to that of information Western analysts (Karl Erik Sveiby) seek to put his mark on the subject see knowledge as wholly tacit (i.e. as capacity in action), consenting to other discussion that verbalized knowledge is mere information. The East conform to a more handed-down purview to celebrate the importance of the intuitive, when compared with the rational. The Upanishads for speak about a high knowledge and a lower knowledge, they classify lower knowledge to that of the diverse sciences.MethodologyIn the acquisition of information both the qualitative and vicenary research methods were employed in the research execution. Qualitative research tally Parkinson and Drislane (2011) is defined as a research method using methods suc h as participant observation or case studies which result in narrative or descriptive account of a setting or practice.(Parkinson and Drislane, 2011). The qualitative methods that will be used include questionnaire and interviews. Qualitative research interprets data and analyses words and ideas.The second research method that will be used is the quantitative method which is defined as an approach that assesses numerical data which can be used to support qualitative research findings. Quantitative method will be achieved using calculations and statistics gathered through with(predicate) questionnaires and stick tos that will be administered to the entity selected for this research. Additional data comes from primary research tools that will be utilized by the researcher includes interviews, questionnaires and observations and the secondary tools that will be used are journals, books, newsletters, newspaper and online articles and documents.The methods selected are most appropriat e as they will allow the researcher through the combining of the quantitative and qualitative research to provide the readers with a higher degree of accuracy, easier representation of questionnaire and survey answers. The qualitative method is less costly and more flexible considering from a student researcher context.TASK 1Discuss the range of decisions to be takenThe type and scope of information used in organizations are complex and vast in variation to the size of the organization and the type of market they are operating in. reading and knowledge needs are also specific to the different functional areas of the organization thus it is the spendny of every working communication system that result into the general success of the whole. Davenport (1995) knowledge management is a process used to attach, transfer and make the potent use of knowledge.Things to take into consideration are how information is harness and used at the different levels of the organization and the kno wledge required, the different systems of information, their relevance, efficiency and effectiveness to the organization. The primary and secondary sources of informationExamine the information and knowledge needed to ensure effective decision takingInformation is knowledge obtained from investigation, study or instruction. e.g. Intelligence, news and facts or raw data (http//www.merriam-webster.com). fit in to the tripartite theory knowledge is information that is processed that is believed, justified and is true. For effective decision making in the organization that will form part of its going strategy in a competitive business environment that is ever changing. The knowledge obtained by the sources of the organization internal and external must be in line with the goals of the business and fit with its different levels, strategic, tactical and operational.Strategic information needs- are customer surveys, market research, and statutory accounts, scotch and financial informatio n which are used to make long term decisions and shape the business strategy with overall vision.Tactical information needs- market reach, market survey, producers and consumers price indices, business performance indices, budget reports, consumer complaints departmental reports. practicable information needs- product quality matrix, quality management reports, production outputs, hands performance, machine and equipment management and performance, batch quantity, economic order quantity.Assess internal and external sources of information and understandingInternal sources of information the means of data collection and compilation from systems internal to the organization which are used to erect the decision making process and fuse the different linkages that enable the organization to achieve its objectives.Internal information in Jiggs $ Riggs Super Stores Ltd. AreFinancial information financial information on the three super stores cyberspace and losses, revenues, cost of sa les, rates and taxes, staff wages and salaries. The financial manager and use this information to manage the performance of the business and see that it is profitable.Personnel Information this is the compilation of information of personnel by the business that is made obtainable to them when so requested. Information is used to monitor productivity performance, length of work life, remuneration, productivity rate, health reports, information on training and development.Marketing Information marketing team determine value added products and services and their performances, information is obtained from sales and the informal channel used for innovation and to promote product based on the going trends.Purchase Information information used by the purchasing team to procure raw materials, good, services, and other inputs required to run the business. This team also monitors costs and quality to ensure there is value for money.Administration Information makes the linkages with the b usiness workforce on business overall performance, annual budgets and projections, structural changes, changes in market conditions, investment and make the link with external partners and build relationships.External sources of information are sources of information generated externally by agencies or individual researcher or consultantJustify recommendations for improvementIn order to improve the communication situation at the business the new management will embark on a communication strategy that is geared to harness greater involvement of all employees and improve their empowerment in the decision making process and make them full aware of the business performance on a more frequent basis.Conduct monthly town hall meeting deliberating on business performance, projections and market conditionsTrain all employees on how to improve and own the systems of communicationProvide regular feedback on employees recommendation and reward where necessaryReferencesDavenport, Thomas H. (19 94), Saving ITs Soul Human Centered Information Management. Harvard Business Review, March-April, 72 (2) pp. 119-131.Duhon, Bryant (1998), Its All in our Heads. Inform, September, 12 (8).Koenig, M.E.D. (1990) Information Services and downstream Productivity. In Martha E. Williams (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology chroma 25, (pp. 55-56). New York, NY Elseview Science Publishers for the American Society for Information SciencePonzi, L., Koenig, M.E.D. (2002). Knowledge Management Another ManagementFad?, Information Research, 8(1). Retrieved from http//informationr.net/ir/8-1/paper145.htmlStephen Denning, The Springboard How Storytelling Ignites Action in Knowledge-Era Organizations. Boston, London, Butterworth Heinemann, October 2000.Nonaka, Ikujiro and Hirotaka Takeuchi. The Knowledge-Creating Company How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. New York Oxford University Press, 1995.http//www.kmworld.com/Articles/Editorial/What-Is-/What-is-K M-Knowledge-Management-Explained-82405.aspxhttp//www.merriam-webster.com/ vocabulary/informationhttp//www.stevedenning.com/Knowledge-Management/what-is-knowledge.aspxhttp//www.theoryofknowledge.info/what-is-knowledge/the-tripartite-theory-of-knowledge/http//www.contentedwriter.com/internal-sources-of-information/

How Social Media Has Helped Transform Event Management Media Essay

How fond Media Has Helped Transform Event Management Media raise cordial media has changed the panache information is communicated completely. The fact that population have fitting complaisant media and prefer to use social media to communicate and get in touch with the world is proof of the fact that social media is here to stay. Social media has be summate real important for communication, marketing and a sales illuminate as well.Event double-deckers know from their experience that the most effective way of communicating, selling or marketing is grammatical case to face, but the fix of this is very limited as you appriset meet and approach every authorization customer. Other forms of marketing that ar less personal had a wider reach but social media has made it possible for subsequentlymath managers to get in touch with as some(prenominal) pack as they want. Face to face conversations allow a consumer to get engaged with the brand. Social media similarly allows slew to sh ar experiences ab bring out a brand and become advocates of it.There be at least 41.3 million people online in the UK alvirtuoso and peep users allover the world are estimated to be around 35mn. Social media is identical amplified word of mouth. The word spreads fast and to a number of people at a time. It is something that issue managers had been waiting for. Event managers can now have their return strategy after taking advise from their customers directly on what to include in the content, promote the import, share the experience with former(a)s and also label how they resolution went.Now the outlets life has increased as the event is unbroken alive in the mind of the consumer through videos and pictures that are shared with galore(postnominal) other people. This also increases the reach of the event. Event managers now have to sweep up the reality and set round the event available online.Event precaution lots involves 5 contours, I will discuss each phase and how social media has helped transform it.Step 1. PlanningEvery event requires planning. Planning an event is an extremely lenghthy and tedious job, many softwares and guidelines are available to do this work. It involves acquire people together to puzzle out an event a success. Deciding on the venue, the food, emergency plans, promotion, attendees etc. An event will only work out if these things have been planned in detail and the right people to act the task are there. Some ways in which social media forms this phase easier areSkype Skype can be employ to communicate with people who are miles away, it allows people to brainstorm and contribute unique ideas to gravel the event better.PBworksthis political platform also makes it easier for people to contribute ideas add notes and organize the entire event. It is used by organizers all over because of its document sharing features which makes information switch over much faster and easier.Step 2. Organizing and invit ingOnce the planning part is done, the event manager has to make sure that everything is going as planned and that the people who have been delegated responsibility are also working. Time management is important at this stage, because of delay by one person to do his transaction can have disastrous results.Also the planner imply to gelt inviting people, these include guests and attendees, you have to make sure that all the people who make the event a success are temptd and are able to come to the event. For this purpose social media is available to keep information on the event organized and also to publish guest lists and speaker lists. Starting a blog is another great idea that event managers can make use up, these blogs are updated on a regular basis and keeps the attendants informed rough how the preparation of an event is progressing. Facebook can also create an invite to an event, it allows people to respond to the invite as well.Step 3. Promotion and dispersalPromoti on is important whether its for a brand or an event, without it consumers or enkindle people can not be brought in. a number of promotional techniques are available but can be divided into to a lower place the line(ATL) and above the line (BTL) ATL deals with indirect ways of promotion where there is no individual contact between the buyer and the seller, these include print ads, TV ads, billboards etc. BTL is about direct interaction with the customer, may include activities and organizing of original events to invite people to the product, consumer reach is limited compared to ATL but is much much effective. Social media can also be called an ATL approach but it has a much wider reach so is to a greater extent than(prenominal) effective.The event management needs to make sure that it is promoted through every channel possible. Potential attendees should be able to access information about the event and ask questions easily. Social media like twitter, youtube, facebook, orkut should be used.Social media should be considered a primary musical mode of advertising. Twitter and facebook should be used because they are meant to transfer messages. A facebook summon is more effective than a facebook group because everytime the page is updated it appears in the newsfeed, allowing more people to view it. Facebook event is also an important way of permit people know about the event and also knowing how many people are likely to attend the event.Step 4. Meet expectationsThe manager should optimize the event to meet people requirements, because if the event does not make the attendees satisfied they are also capable of creating bad publicity for the company. graduate(prenominal) speed wireless should be made available so people can communicate with each other and converse easily with the guests and other attendees. Often even before the event starts the attendees start having dialogues with the speakers on the event and after the event that communication is con tinued. The attendees should be able to tweet in their questions in real time and also get answers, other attendees should also be able to answer those questions for the speakers. This makes the whole event much more interesting.There should be live conference available for people who are unable to attend the event. This allows people miles away to attend the conference and interact with every one around, the event manger should try and make it a holistic experience for such people also. Live streaming can also allow the event managers to reach out people who could not attend the event, later on some videos should be uploaded of the event, so that the lifecycle of the event is lengthened.The event manager also needs to listen to what the audience has to say. If they murmur about any aspect of the event like the food or a particular speaker then the event manager should take action to improve the situation. Twitter conversation should be tracked properly and if not than surveys sho uld be used to see what consumers have to say about the event. This makes consumers feel important as their opinion is being listened to and it helps managers align the event to the needs of the consumers ensuring that the event is a success.Step 5 communication after the eventPost event communication is also important to make sure that the impression of the event is positive and lasts long especially if more events have to be held later on If this impression is not a good one than consumers are less likely to attend the one in the future.After the event make sure your attendees know how to run in touch through social media, emails should be exchanged to urge on communication. Thank you notes should be sent along with updates and other information. Event management is as much about relation building as it is about organizing the event.

The characteristics between management and leadership

The characteristics between vigilance and leadingThis assignment is ab initio discussing about the characteristic difference between c are and leadership, how their attainments be industrious in an giving medication including with their steads and responsibilities. Then the discussions follows to the main targets of this assignment, those argon (i) revealing and evaluating the personalised and sea captain skills which be required for a undefeated carriage and evaluating how he/she go throughs the ecesisal or personal coatings importantly covering the mark busial/leadership skills such(prenominal) as age centering, racecourse skirmishs, making intromissions, stress management, and so on (ii) Providing a range of suitable practical methods for causeing or improving those skills (iii) Identifying prefer acquisition style by explainment an telling personal audit in cast to transgress managerial/leadership skills (iv) Developing a go awayable s tudy see in shape to develop or break those skills to sour an efficacious manager according to sassy and arise depth psychology (v) followuping/ supervise procedure and feedback what I rescue undertaken in golf-club to ext closing curtain to those skills and finally (vi) Concluding how/what I have learned from my compendium and how I can hire this similar approach for future development.1.1 omnibusThe theater director plays a vital role in sanctify to fulfill and advance the productivity and organizational neutrals. He/She is responsible for managing, prep, distributing and monitoring the drub of their employees, achieving the in effect(p) utilization of the organization resources and brings the employees objectives along with the organization objectives. nigh managers are born and not made. Managers are autocratic in nature, they do the mightily things to subdue risk and they formulate the policies/ systems to consistent manner as well as they are rigid w ith their subordinates (Hollingsworth, 1999). Managers mainly rely on system, expression and systems (Watson, 1983).1.2 Leader leading are those who involved in the process of roundting a advanced direction or vision for their assort to follow and motivating them by satisfying their basic need in order to turn over the viridity organization goal, it is the process of influencing the performance of the employee by respecting their freedom towards the chemical conclave goals. Good leaders are made and not born. Leaders are democratic in nature, they do the things right and they wont formulate the policy they expenditure to predict with implant examples also they the like risks and flexible with the former(a) group members (Hollingsworth, 1999). Leaders mainly rely on style, staff, skills and shared goals (Watson, 1983).2.0 sequel 1 Methods to improve Personal and Professional skillsThis part of the assignment mainly identifies and evaluates the splendor of personal and professional skills which are required for a successful manager and how he/she roleplays the systemal or personal goals importantly covering the distinguish managerial skills such as quaternth dimension management, running concussions, making presentations, stress management, and so forth In addition, it provides a range of suitable practical methods for maturation or improving those skills.2.1 Skills for successful manager and its importanceThe managers important role in any organization or go badplace is that to manage the the great unwashed/ prole/subordinates in order to meet the organization objective or goal and also promote positive employee motivation and employee morale. The mangers activities are precise mixed and varied because they have to coordinate with all the organization resource such as human resource, material resource, financial resource and informational resource in order to achieve the overall organization goal (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2008, P187 ). The role of the manger is very crucial as they have to deal or share different people. Therefore, the successful manager must have the personal and professional skills which are very essential and listed in page-** and utilize them in a proper way, so that they can perform their duties and activities efficiently.Personal skills are his/her protest development skills in order to achieve his/her career goals in brio and it can be continuously unquestionable on day to day basis For example, wants to become a manager. Professional skills are persisting environs skills in order to achieve organisation goals and it can be developed and utilized whenever the opportunity arises in the working environment For example, becoming an efficient manager. In practical, the effective manager must have and develop the two skills in order to achieve his/her goals as well as the organisation goals.To be an effective manager at all direct of organisation (i.e lower, medium and top level), t hey need to possess conclave of all the skills listed supra. Among these skills, the first four are the very important skills to become a successful manager. This part of assignment evaluates how these skills are important and providing a range of scoop out suitable methods for developing or improving these skills, which enables me to meet both organisational and cause goals and objectives.2.1a Evaluation and Methods to develop condemnation managementTime management skill is angiotensin converting enzyme of the valuable assets for manager, and it assistances how the valuable time is in effect utilized/ managed in order to meet the goals. As time costs money, it is lost and not recoverable if the time is wasted. Therefore successful manager must palpate every opportunity to save time in order to improve productivity/profit by analysing workload and understanding subordinates cap index, obtainling time wasting activities, etc. The key elements to the effective time saving/m anaging skills are listed belowDefine the goals to meet the deadlineBud endure the man-hour or cost forge and schedule the workloadProvide marginal budget for unforeseen workload or changesPrioritize and organise accordinglyDistribute the workload to subordinatesReview and track the plan laborUse and maintain time management log for daily or weeklyControl the wastage time and use effectivelyGuide/encourage the subordinate to improve production to a higher place listed elements of time management skill can be achieved by set of feasible practical methods such as procedures, policies, spreadsheets, checklists, etc. For example, Gantt chart for planning and scheduling, time log sheet for consumed budget hour and to estimate equilibrium hour respective to task, Weekly progress report for reviewing/tracking the planned task, etc.As I want to become a manager, I need to develop or improve time management skill. though majority of this skill and key elements can be developed date wor king as manager, I have developed hemorrhoid of key elements of time managing skill while studying this course, in order to achieve the course outcome. For example, time log sheet enabled me to maintain and review how I am spending daily hours (see appendix-**), Gantt chart for assignment work (see appendix-**), etc.2.1b Running meetingOrganising meeting skill is one of the vital skills for the manager, and it helps to get collective decision-making, better focused discussion, to improve the productivity, to motivate the employee, etc to build an effective organisation. Importantly it is a best place to communicate the management/ visualise objectives to team-worker or other discipline employee, to reward the performer, etc (Pocket, 2006, P47-69). The key elements for the effective running meeting skills are listed belowDefining the purpose of meetingsPrepare order of production line (meeting time, place, chairperson, attendees)Circulate agenda and Invite the participants in advan ceWelcome the participants with refreshments lead and focused discussion by using visual assists promote group discussionTake notes for agreed outcomes/ actions/ responsibilitiesReview past meeting outcomesControl and avoid repeated discussionEncourage feedback/ psyche and questionnaire academic borderPrepare minutes of meeting and circulateTherefore in a higher place mentioned components of meeting running skill can be achieved by set of workable practical methods such as procedures, agenda, minutes of meeting, forum, meeting templates, spreadsheets, etc.though the key elements of this skill can be developed when the opportunity arises in all probability while working as manager, I have developed lots of key elements of running meeting skill while studying strategical management course in order to achieve the group task as a chair person for SILVER SPOON group. For example, agenda sheet enabled me to invite participants and define the meeting perspective, venue and time (see appendix-**) and proceeding of meeting enabled to confirm the action plan to group member (see appendix-**), etc.2.1c Making presentationPresentation skill is one of the important skills for a successful manager in numerous aspects of their work, and to communicate efficiently in a group of consultation. The most important factors to consider in presentations are audience attitudes, actions, needs and responsibilities throughout the presentation. This enables the audience or subordinates in many ways such as time saving or effort, mother money, help to take advantage of opportunities, make them more popular and famous, and extend their curiosity and enjoyment (Suzy, 2008, P6-10). The great presentation is a process and combination of the sideline key elementsThink and research on the topic onwards presentationOrganize the content with introduction, body and conclusionAttract the audience by eye contact, posture, movement, gesture, etcInteract the audience to think, not only g et a lineDeliver the presentation with confidenceUse visual aids effectivelyOvercome presentation nerves and avoid vague languagesound communication skill by oral/written/drawing pass on it short and simple (KISS)Capability of answering the audience questionsTherefore above mentioned key elements of presentation can be achieved by set of workable practical methods such as Power-point slides, handouts, seminars, etc. As manager gives presentation in various groups meeting with subordinates/supervisor/ clients, using techniques should be apprehensible/ understandable by audience. real these above mentioned key elements can be developed while working or when the opportunity arises. Though I have gained bit of presentation skill in Strategic management course when presenting SIVLER SPOON group task, I must need to develop this skill, where I have lot of scopes to improve.2.1d Stress managementStress is one of the persons reactions of the body and mind to change. It is very important fo r everyone to manage and control the stress, to become healthier and happier. Effected stress produces physio arranged, psychological, stress related issues on him/her. Manager has high lucks of developing stress ascribable to various demands such as task demands, Role demands, Interpersonal demands and Organisational structure. Though it can not be fully avoidable, but it can be manageable by using effective stress management skill (Robbins and Decenzo, 2008, P206). Overstress resulting to lower the productivity, decrease profit, leading to mistake, etc. Therefore, it is mandatory for manager to have stress management skill in order to avoid stress related difficultys that is control or manage the stress by using time management, running meeting, making presentation skills. The stress management skill is the combination of following key elements (Cartwright and Cooper, 1997, P416)Recognise, anticipate, monitor and regulate stressorsRedesign the task or work environmentEstablish flexible work schedulesEncourage participative management complicate employees in career developmentBuild a good and encouraging teamEstablish fair employment policiesFind alternative routes/solutionsActually this is the follow-up skill of Time management, Running meeting and Making presentation. So, the above mentioned key elements of stress management skill can be achieved by using same set of workable practical methods, which used in others.Actually these above mentioned key elements can be developed while working as manager. So I am looking chance for developing this skill. I also feel that, with remarkable development of other managerial/leadership key skills, I can easily develop the stress management skill.Outcome 2 Personal skills audit3.1 preferable acquisition styleAs I want to become a more effective manager, I need to learn several skills which are listed in page-**. This part of assignment examines my learning style by undertaking personal skill audit, which helped me to identify my current possessing skills, noesis, abilities, values and preferred learning style along with my capacitys and weaknesses in order to achieve my effective manager goal. supplement-** illustrates the Learning style questionnaire (LSQ) with my answer, and its result proves shows that my preferred learning style is PRAGMATIST.3.2 Strengths and weaknessesAs I am PRAGMATIST, my learning style strengths and weaknesses are listed belowStrengthsTries to honk own ideas, theories and techniques into workplaceInnovative and experimentalAnalyse and evaluate with various optionsSet targets, and tries to achieve themWorks well independentlyWeaknessesActs without caution end up with negative outcomeTask oriented alternatively than people orientedUndervalues personal feelingsIs impatient and needs full controlLikes to work independently wingd from Week-1 hand outs and (Honey and Mumford, 1992)3.3 How it affects my skills developmentAs I audited and analysed my strengths and we aknesses of my learning style, below discussion reveals that how it will affect and how to beat in order develop the four key skills for an effective manager. For example,Time managementAs I am pragmatist, my planning/target may fail collect to without taking any caution or overriding the task to others or effectively not using the source, which clearly affect my performance. However as strength I set/try to achieve the target with ideas, techniques and options, so I try to plan the task with right person/man-hour. also assigning right task to right person and monitoring much enables to track and avoid last minute problems.Stress managementAs I am pragmatist, giving more importance to the task rather than people or their feelings, may results to generate huge stress due to poor quality/inefficient project outcome. However as strength I take opportunity to experiment and evaluate with various options, so I try to encourage/educate the subordinates in order to meet the task. Furth er more, frequently reviewing the task progress and rewarding person enables to avoid workplace stress.Outcome 3 Personal development plan4.1 SMART analysisObjectives and goals are widely used in planning and design. It is a composite statement of the end target, to be attained within the undertake time and schedule. SMART is one of the key methods to create an effective objective or goal. So, the SMART objectives areSpecific Objectives should be well delimitate and clearly state that what is to be achievedMeasurable Objectives needs to be quantitative in order to measure or monitor the goal process and confirm whether it is in favourable condition. Performance could be quantitative and soft measure that allows us to make changes if anything goes wrong during the process and stay on track to meet the targetsAchievable Objective is within the capability and ability to reach the most desirable target. Also it must be practical and appropriate for the business or activityRelev ant Objective should be specific and must relate to the short or long term business targetTime defined The end result should be accomplished with in the targeted deadline(Mike, 2008, P**)4.2 SWOT analysisSWOT analysis is one of the powerful tools to analyse the personal strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This process enables to improve the strength, overcome/minimise the weakness/gaps as well as taking the superlative opportunities that are available. Appendix-** explores my SWOT analysis for my personal development and it is in Edexcel level 7 format.4.3 Personal development plan (PDP)Planning is a logical component of the management process. PDP is an ongoing process throughout our life, which helps to manage/develop any individual skills through the process of self learning, reflection and structure on how to achieve their target/goal.In order to become a successful manager, I must have to plan and define the effective objective by using SMART analysis in order to accomplish the target within the scheduled time. Also I have to assess/examine my strengths and weakness by SWOT analysis in order to develop 4 managerial key skills listed in Outcome 1. From outcome-2, I established my learning style is PRAGMATIST using personal skills audit with my learning strengths and weaknesses.As I have analysed myself totally, my PDP for achieving 4 effective managerial key skills are explored in the appendix-**. In that exploring process, my PDP mainly intended to help the followingImprove my personal and professional managerial skillIdentify and develop my transferable skillFocus my thinking and plan foregoing and set realistic targetsArticulate my personal goal and objective judge progress towards the achievementConclusionThis assignment work helped me to understand the personal/professional skills for an effective manager and its importance, analyse suitable workable methods for developing these skills, identifying my learning skills with learning s trengths and weaknesses, developing a personal development plan by SMART and SWOT analysis, Monitoring and feedback undertaken, etc. Especially, I gained thorough understanding of 4 Key skills in addition to other skills for an effective manager. From this overall task, I have developed a skill that how to set the target, analysing pros and cons, prepare a planning/route and schedule (viable and time), budgeting, analysing strength and weakness, monitoring and reflecting, scope for efficiency/improvisation, and finally meet the target. By using this PDP and methods, it could be very grateful to result in my academic career and also it helps me to efficiently utilize these skills in my future employment in order to make a successful and imaginative organisation.ConclusionProfessional development is very important for every professional, irrespective of their employment. It plays a vital role in order to step up their career ladder. For every business and organization, this advanced professional development program boost up their employees personal and professional managerial/leadership skills and knowledge in order to achieve their business objective and improve the productivity. If the managements are lack in those skills and knowledge then they wont be resisting in the Industrial market. The objectives of this assignment are mainly focused on how to improve the managerial/leadership skills including time management, running meetings, making presentation and stress management and these are very important skills for managers/leaders. This assignment works on to identify and evaluate the strategy or method for developing the personal and professional managerial /leadership skills as listed above. Also this covers the learning strategies and styles which will be very helpful for me to build my positive skills and to overcome my weaknesses in order to improve my skills and knowledge. By using this development plan and method, it could be very grateful to succeed at my university and also it helps me to utilize these skills in my future employment in order to make an effective and imaginative organization. foster(Word Count 200)AppendicesAppendix 1Appendix 2Bibliography using Harvard Referencing SystemTextbook ReferenceWeb ReferencePersonal / Professional skillsWhy it is necessaryTime managementIt is cost effective and non recoverableHelps to plan, prioritize, organise, schedule and budget the workOrganising meetingIt is vital to get the solution from group or to improve the productivity or to motivate the employeeHelps to discuss/convey the message among the group such as work plan, progress, new awards, etcPresentationTo convey key points or improve delivery styleEffective visual aidStress managementTo analyse and reduce stress developed in job/ lifeTo improve or control physical/ mad situationSelf-awareness and self-managementEffective communicationTo communicate clearly and correctly by written or oral or sketch, etcMap out the ideas/ objective thinking in a proper wayProblem resolving and Decision makingTo provide/decide best or lesson learnt solution, when the problem arises in workplace or subordinatePerformance managementTo stick out appraisals and guide subordinates for their career developmentMaintain a performance land of subordinate for easy access and feedbackRecognise and encourage the top performersteam development MotivationTo motivate/encourage the team towards project/organisation goal by monitoring progressObserving skillTo beware/observe what is happening in the groupThoroughly understanding the situation and problemWell as I begin I would like to remember you one point that no one can curb in the market of an organization when the people lack certain skills and knowledge. In order to ensure for proper skills and knowledge a proper idea about the development of their skills are briefed in this report. Keeping in mind, the four skills developed in this report were time management, stress manag ement, running meeting, and group discussion. Not only the skills but also the learning styles were discussed. What are the techniques and objectives to meet the desired characteristics? How to improve the management skills for the effective leadership? The main pattern of learning is mentioned clearly in this report which may be efficacious in the future requirements for an organization to be effective and imaginative.

Theory Of Tensile Test Engineering Essay

Theory Of plastic Test Engineering render bendable test is a normal engineering procedure to stipulate properties switch offk to mechanical air of satisfyings. The properties describe the response of the cloth during the authentic bucking conditions. The variation in geometry of the proto typewrite has to be considered. Although the behavior of the genuine inside malleable limit is of considerable importance notwithstanding the familiarity beyond elasticised limit is excessively relevant but fictile meats with large extendation takes place in number of manufacturing processes. The open frame peevishness acts to stop the progress of mistake in a material. open frame hoarseness vary according to the loading rate, environment, temperature, the composition of material and its microstructures in concert with geometric instals. These factors argon important for welded joints when admixturelurgical and geometrical effects atomic number 18 complex.Theory of Te nsile Test, elastic unvarying, muster up push, sack toughness and pedigree of get into potential difference free energy, lethargy coefficient, get along energy per social building block scope / per unit mole, and interrupt toughness using dynamic put on. life-time equation atomic number 18 presented in this chapter.2.2 TENSILE TESTThe engineering Tensile Test is similarly known as tightness test which vary widely apply for providing the base of the design in physical composition on the attitude of material and as an acceptance test for the specification of the materials. Tensile Tests ar actu wholey simple, sex actly, inexpensive, and in full standardized. Under the pulling type of loading something, it shtup be very quickly regularised how the material leave react to the these type of abilitys existence employ in focus. As the materials are being pulled, its strength and university extension great deal be find out. A lot of about a substance give the axe be learned from tensile reposerogation. As the mold continues to pull on the material until it breaks, a good, complete tensile compose is obtained. The hack shows how it reacted to the forces being utilise. In the tension test a archetype is subjected to a continually increasing one guidanceal tensile force age simultaneous observations are made of the elongation of the ductile sample. name 2.1 shows a typical sift- twist draw for mild steel. image 2.1 Typical Stress- random variable curved shape for mild steel 1A Proportional limitB rubber band limitC Upper leave saddleD get down yield advertE Ultimate stress aimF Breaking flushProportional limit Stress is a unidimensional function of chassis and the material obeys Hookes law. This proportionality extends upto fly the coop A and this send is called proportional limit or limit of proportionality. O-A is a neat moving in portion of the curve and its slope represents the measure out of modulus of elasticity.Elastic limit beyond proportional limit, stress and figure depart from straight line relationship. The material however, remains elastic upto state point B. The word elastic implies that the stress developed in the material is much(prenominal) that in that honour is no sleep or permanent de makeup when the load is removed. Upto to this point, the deformation is reversible or recoverable. Stress at B is called the elastic limit stress this represents the maximum unit stress to which a material substructure be subjected and is relieve able to return to its original form upon removal of load.Yield point Beyond elastic limit, the material shows consideral aviation even though in that kettle of fish is no cast up in load or stress. This try is not fully recoverable, i.e., there is no tendency of the atoms to return to their original position. The behavior of the material is inelastic and the onset of plastic deformation is called yielding of the material. The po int C is called the upper yield point and point D is the get down yield point. The difference between the upper and small(a)er yield point is small and the quoted yield stress is usually the lower pry.Ultimate strength or tensile strength After yielding has taken place, the material becomes protract hardened (strength of the example amplifications) and an increase in load is inevitable to take the material to its maximum stress at point E. chance variable in this portion is about 100 times than that of the portion from O to D. Point E represents the maximum ordinate of the curve and the stress at this point is known either as ultimate stress or the tensile stress of the material.Breaking strength In the portion EF, there is falling off the load (stress) from the maximum until break off takes place at F. The point F is referred to as the rupture or breaking point and the corresponding stress is called the breaking stress 1.The stress- gunstock curve is constructed from the l oad-elongation amountments (fig.2.2).The stress apply in this stress-strain profile is the fair(a) longitudinal stress in the Tensile Test. It can be obtained by dividing the load by original commonwealth of cross- fragment of the precedent.Stress = (2.1)The strain enjoymentd for the engineering stress-strain curve is the mean(a) linear strain, which is the rate of the elongation of gauge length of the specimen, and its original length.= = = (2.2) physique 2.2 The Engineering Stress-Strain Curve 2The order of magnitude and shape of the stress-strain curve of a metal allow for depend upon its prior history of plastic deformation, heat treatment, composition , and the strain rate, temperature, and state at which stress imposed during the testing. The different type of parameters which are apply to describe the stress-strain curve of a metal are the percentage elongation, reduction of part, tensile strength and yield strength. The prototypic cardinal are ductility the last two indicates strength parameters. In the govern of elastic limit, strain is bankers billd by an extensometer machine-accessible to the gauge length.In the elastic limit stress is linear proportional to strain. When the load exceeds a value above the yield strength, the specimen sustaines to plastic deformation. It is permanently alter if the load is released to zero. The stress, to produce continuous plastic deformation, increases with increasing plastic strain i.e. the metal strain-hardens 2 .The plenty of the specimen remains constant during plastic deformation,= o o (2.3)Where= concluding res publica of cross section of specimen= Final length of specimeno = Original field of view of cross section of specimeno = Original length of specimenAnd as specimen elongates, due to this it decrements uniformly in cross sectional area. At the start-off the strain hardening more than compensates for this decrease in area and the engineering stress continues rises with increasing s train finally a point is arrived where the effect of decrease in specimen cross-sectional area is superiorer than the increase in deformation load arising from the strain hardening. This typical condition reaches commencement at some point in the specimen that is slightly weaker than the rest. The go on non elastic deformation is concentrated in this region, and the specimen begins to neck or thin down locally. For the reason that the cross-sectional area now is diminish far more rapid rate than the deformation load is change magnitude by strain hardening, the actual amount of load required to deform the specimen falls and the engineering stress in the same charge continues to decrease until bump occurs. M any(prenominal) varieties of shift keys can occur during the processing of metals and their use in different types of application. One of them is the malleable split up. 32.2.1 DUCTILE FRACTURE malleable violate has been outlined as let out occurring with appreciable g ross deformation. Ductile shift in tension is usually defined by a localized reduction in diameter called necking. Very ductile metals whitethorn actually draw down to a line or a point before sepa symmetryn. This kind of failure is usually called by rupture. assure segment of a cylindrical bar of length , cross-sectional area A0 and subjected to a load as shown in fig 2.3(a) when the load is change magnitude to 12 and further to , the area of cross-section decreases to 12 and and length elongates to 12210 as shown in figs. 2.3 b-c-d. The conventional stress and conventional strain are obtained in each case byIt clearly shows that the original A is fictive constant .This criteria may be true for elastic retch notwithstanding as elastic reduction in cross-sectional area is negligible , being only about 0.1% . The strains are also very small.However, while dealing with the plastic range, the reduction in cross-sectional area and the strain are large (compare Fig. 2.3 a and b). H ence cannot be taken as constant, and may not be used for strain calculations at all the loads. Thus the need arises to obtain true stress and true strain in plastic range. These are determined in steps as follows 4.Fig 2.3 Stages in the formation of a cup-and-cone fracture 4.2.3 Universal swallow uprogatory MachineThe servo hydraulic testing autos provide both load controlled and displacement control apparatus. These versatile machines are well adapted to estimator control. With modern computer control it is possible to conduct tests based on the control of mensural variables such as true strain or stress intensity factor. Fig2.4 shows a picture of Universal Testing Machine.In UTM top cross head can be adjusted to tercet positions for extended tension tests (the left hand side of the machine). There are two main hand wheel controls, one for applying and the other for releasing the load. The loading valve is designed in so manner that at any setting, needed for applying incre mental loads, for applying the loads quickly, for holding the loads steady and for removing the loads. An autographic recorder is used to plot the stress-strain curve during the test itself.Specimens are attached to a transportable grip and to a fixed side-gripping device. A tally spring is made of four thin plates to serve as the straight guide mechanism for the movable grip. The movable grip and straight guide mechanism are lifted over the base of the tensile testing machine so that they were not affected by friction which would differently seriously impair the accuracy of the Tensile Tests. rouse is applied by pulling (using a precision translation stage control by a D.C. motor) one end of steel belt, the other end, is connected to the movable grip. A load cell with a rated capacity is used to measure the load, which is the sum of the loads applied to the specimen and double spring. The load applied or the specimen is calculated by subtracting the load applied to the parall el spring, calculated from theFig 2.4 Universal Testing Machine. 3Characteristics of the parallel spring measure in advance, from the measure load. The elongation was determined by measuring the relative displacement of the two gauge marks on the specimen. The characteristics of the testing machine defecate a strong influence on the shape of the stress-strain diagram and the fracture behavior a rigid testing machine with a spring constant is known as a hard machine. A screw-driven mechanical machine tends to be hard machines, while hydraulically driven testing machines are velvety machines. A hard testing machine produces the upper and lower yield point, but in a soft machine only the extension at constant load will be recorded.Universal Testing Machine is used to conduct the Tensile Test. There are two types of machines used in tension testing.1. Load controlled machine2. Displacement controlled machines 3.2.4 ELASTIC CONSTANTMaterials may be isotropic, orthotropic, and anisotrop ic. identical materials posses four elastic constants named Youngs modulus Poissons ratio shear modulus and deal modulus These constants are unvarying and do not ordinarily change under any effect .Strain and stress on basis of atomic theory upshot versus quad of atomic separation curve and bond length depict in fig 2.5.The inter-atomic equilibrium distance decreases to when a compressive force is applied. as well on application of a tensile force the inter-atomic equilibrium distance decreases to this externally applied force is tally in magnitude but opposite in nature of inter-atomic force Therefore(2.4)Fig 2.5 deviate in inter atomic distance on application of compressive forces 5.Where is the potential energy which in the most general way can be expressed as(2.5)Hence are constant in which .The increase in length of interatomicdistance is called elongation, and is given byto (2.6)Similarly the decrease in length of inner -atomic distance is called contraction ,and it i s express as,(2.7)(a). The Strain is then defined as the change in length of inter atomic distance over bond length . The tensile strain t and compressive strain c are related as 5t = =and c = =(b). The Stress is defined as the internal resisting force i.e. inter atomic force F per unit cross sectional area A of a material. Therefore =Due to Eqs. 2.4 and 2.5 it can be scripted as = = = (2.8)The stress can be either tensile or compressive in nature.Poissons Ratio A material, subjected to a tensile stress, elongates in the direction of tensile axis but contracts in the thwartwise direction the transverse strains always bear a constant ratio, with the longitudinal strain. This ratio is called Poissons ratio and is expressed by(2.9)Youngs modulus In the fig 2.5 a tangent is careworn at .It coincide with the curve over a small range and . AB is in elastic region. This slope is proportional to the youngs modulus E of a material, Thus 5It may be approximated that the force acts on area which is the average area per atom since number of bonds per unit area is 1/ and also knowing macroscopically that stress is proportional to strain within elastic limit (Hookes law),(2.10)(2.11)The youngs modulus is also known as modulus of elasticity or elastic modulus. Its value for a material is influenced by factor such as bonding character, temperature, and anisotropy strongly bonded solids with three dimensional network possess high values of elastic modulus 5. The effect of temperature is to lower down the elastic modulus by 10% to 20% between 0 K to melting point .The variation of as a function of temperature for carbon steel can be expressed by(2.12)Where is in one thousand and is in kgf/cm2 prune Modulus The ratio of shear stress and the shear strain is defined as shear modulus or modulus of rigidity It is related to the Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio by(2.13) the great unwashed Modulus A material under three dimensional loading is subjected to the stresses axes res pectively. The sign volume of the material changes by then lk modulus or modulus of elasticity of volume is defined as the ratio of average stress to volumetric strain and is expressed by 5(2.14)Where (2.15)And (2.16)(2.17a)(2.17 b)(2.17c)Here are the linear strains along axes respectively.is related toand by= (2.18)The three elastic modulii are related as(2.19a)In materials such as gels, pastes, putties and colloidal system, therefore(2.19b)2.5 FRACTURE TOUGHNESSFracture toughness, is defined as resistance of a material to failure from fracture starting from preexisting blemish. Mathematically, it is expressed as= (2.20)Where is a dimension little factor which depends upon the nextThe geometry of the insure and material.2. The loading configuration if the sample is subject to tension or bending.3. The ratio of col length to specimen width.4. Amount of load (stress) applied to the specimenWhere = crack length.= width of specimenFig 2.6 A specimen with an interior crack 6.Note t hat the faultless crack length is equal to aFig 2.7 A specimen with a through-thickness crack 6.Fig 2.8 A specimen with a half circle draw near crack 6.Figure 2.6 shows that a is not always the total length of the crack, but sometimes it is half of the crack length in case of internal crack 6. The values for Y vary with respect to the shape and spatial relation of the crack. Some important values of Y for short cracks subjected to a tension load are as followsFor an interior crack which is shown in fig 2.6.For a through-thickness surface crack which is shown in fig 2.7For a half-circular surface crack which is shown in fig 2.8Fracture toughness,has the English customary units of pounds per square inch inch1/2,and the SI units of MPa m1/22.5.1 Plane strain fracture toughnessFor thin samples, the value decreases with increasing sample thickness, b, as shown in Figure 2.9. Finally, becomes autarkical of b, called as the conditions of cream off strain. This fixed value of becomes known as the plane strain fracture toughness. Mathematically, it is expressed as= 7. (2.21)Fig 2.9 A fracture toughness vs. thickness graph 7.This value for the fracture toughness is the value normally specified because it is never greater than or equal to. The I subscript for, stands for mode I, or tensile mode 7.2.5.2 Fracture toughness testing machineA sharp fatigue crack(break) is inserted in the specimen, which is puckish to failure. The crack driving force is measured for the failure condition, giving the fracture toughness 9.gFig 2.10 Fracture mechanics testing. 92.5.3 Test specimens for fracture toughnessThe mostly uses fracture toughness test configurations are the case-by-case sharp edge notch bend (SENB or three-point bend), and the extort (CT) specimens, as shown in fig 2.11. These type of compact specimen has the advantage that it requires less amount of material, but is more expensive to machine and more demanding to test compared with the SENB specimen. Special r equirements are needed for temperature control, for this purpose we use an environmental chamber. The SENB specimens are typically immersed in a bath for low temperature tests. Although the compact specimen is loaded in tension, the crack tip conditions are predominantly bending (high constraint). If limited materials are available, it is possible to construct the SENB specimens by conjoin extension pieces (for the loading arms) to the material sample.(Electron beam welding(EBW) is typically used, because the weld is get and causes little distortion).Fig 2.11 Examples of common fracture toughness test specimen(a) SENB Specimen (b) CT Specimen 10.Other specimen configurations are the centre-cracked tension (CCT) panels, single edge notch tension (SENT) specimens, and shallow-crack tests. These special types of tests are connected with lower levels of constraint, and can be more structurally representative than standard CT or SENB specimens. The SENT specimens are being used to det ermine fracture toughness of pipeline girth in submarine pipelines, peculiarly where the installation method involves plastic straining. The position and orientation of the specimens are important. The positioning and orientation of the notch is critical, especially for welded joints. The orientation of the notch is defined with respect to either the weld axis or the rolling direction or forging axis of other components. In the standard SENB C T specimens are shown in Fig 2.11, the notch depth is range of 45 to 70% of the specimen width, W, giving a lower-bound conservative estimate of fracture toughness, because of the high level of crack tip constraint generated by the specimen design only 10.2.5.4 Fracture toughness MeasurementFig 2.12 2 ASTM standard compact specimen of different Widths (b). 8There are legion(predicate) different experiments which can be used to obtain a value of. Almost any size and shape of sample can be used as long as it is consistent with mode I crack displacement. A possible and very simple experiment that can be performed to find a value for fracture toughness by screw-driven universal testing machine. This testing machine loads the specimen, at a constant strain rate, while a Load vs. Displacement curve is plotted by an X-Y recorder. From this plot, a possible value for Y can be calculated. With this value can be calculated. 82.5.5 Effect of temperature on fracture toughnessFracture toughness varies with temperature, crack size and crack location and does not change with sample thickness. Fracture toughnessdoes also vary with strain rate, shown in figure 2.13 9Fig 2.13 Fracture Toughness vs. Temperature for several steels. 92.6 rebel readiness muster up energy is defined as the potential energy per unit area of surface film. It may be also defined as the amount of work done in increasing the area of the surface film through unity. Surface energy per unit area is also known as surface tension of molten 11.2.6.1 Surface ener gy measurement of the solidThe surface energy of a tranquil may be measured by stretchiness a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence also the surface energy density). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of the liquid by an amount, , a quantity of work, is needed (where is the surface energy density of the liquid). However, such a method cannot be used to measure the surface energy of a solid materials for the reason that stretching of a solid membrane induces elastic energy in the bulk in addition to increasing the surface energy. The surface energy of a solid is usually measured at high temperatures. At such temperatures the solid creeps and even though the surface area changes, the entire volume remains approximately constant 11.2.7 FATIGUE POTENTIAL ENERGY (U0) AND LETHARGY COEFFICIENT ()The dynamic fatigue equation for high-cycle fatigue under fully converse tension-compression loading is given by 12.=constant (2.18).From Eq. (2.1 8) we can say that(2.19)Where is change stress premium that gives and=1Eq. (2.18) is rewritten as (2.20)Lethargy coefficient can be calculated from S-N curve, to the a variation of stress amplitude to the logarithm of number of cycles to failure, as shown in fig 2.14Fig 2.14 The S-N curve 12.2.8 MICROSTRUCTURAL PROCESS UNDER HIGH- pass FATIGUE LOADINGFor high-cycle fatigue conditions, stress amplitude is below yield strength of the material, so that the strain is normally elastic. If strain is purely elastic, These will be no fatigue because elastic straining is, a reversible process. However, this difficulty is associated with over-simplification introduced by concept of a yield strength and supposition of purely elastic deformation below this yield strength. All metals undergo a minor amount of plastic strain even at low stresses. This is called microstrain, because at stresses well below yield strength the magnitude of plastic strain is small as compare to elastic strain. mi croscopic examination of surfaces of samples that have been subjected to cyclic loading reveals that micro strain occurs in homogeneously in the sample, with the entire strain seemingly concentrated in a relatively few slip bands. These slip bands form during the first few thousand cycles and remain active until after a crack is formed. Because straining in these bands continues after the bulk of material has stopped undergoing strain, they are called persistent slip bands. Since the strain is so inhomogeneous, plastic strain amplitude in persistent slip bands is quite large compared to average strain amplitude. Thus damage accumulation leading to crack formation can continue in persistent slip bands at very low average plastic strain amplitude. The nature of damage which leads to crack formation in high cycle fatigue seems to be related to formation of intrusions and extrusions within slip bands. In this phenomenon, material is pushed out of surface at one point in the band and mat erial is drawn in to form deep valleys at other points in the bands. Once a true crack has formed in a material, the presence of the crack itself dominates the stress and strain behavior in its vicinity. The development of the theory of fracture mechanics to describe the behavior of bodies which contain cracks has been quite useful in reaching an understanding of the process of crack propagation in fatigue 13.2.9 SURFACE ENERGY AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESSThe Arrhenius model for the fatigue life equation and Zhurkovs static fatigue equation are of the same type, given as 14= (2.21)Where= fatigue life of the material= material constant= Kelvin temperature=bonding energy constant of material= lethargy coefficient= function of dynamic fatigue modelThe fraction of the life already passed by as follows ,(2.22)= fraction of the life passed in the time interval dt.The whole life is co-ordinated like= 1 (2.23)In ordinary uniaxial Tensile Test, it is assumed that temperature is constant and that the stress increases linearlyEq. (2.23) becomesWhere is the time from the start of loading up to fracture. Because fracture begins at the ultimate tensile strength, the stress is maximum atEq. (2.23) is change as(2.24)The surface energy per mole is defined as(2.25)and the surface energy per unit area as= (2.26)Where surface energy per unit area for elastic breakable fractureis the time for elastic brittle fractureIn terms of displacement, the surface energy is given as= (2.27)Eq. (3.27) can be written as= (2.28)Finally fracture toughness may be given as. (2.29)2.10 CONCLUDING REMARKSIn this chapter we have discussed that fracture toughness is very important for welded joints where geometric effects are complex .Theory of Tensile Test, elastic constant and surface energy and fracture toughness are presented in this chapter. The derivation of fatigue potential energy, lethargy coefficient, and surface energy per unit area, surface energy per unit mole and fracture toughness from dy namic fatigue equation are carried out.